Forum for Linguistic Studies https://journals.bilpubgroup.com/index.php/fls <p>ISSN: 2705-0602(Online) <br />2705-0610 (Print)</p> <p>Email: fls@bilpubgroup.com</p> <p>CiteScore: <strong>0.7</strong></p> BILINGUAL PUBLISHING GROUP en-US Forum for Linguistic Studies 2705-0610 Challenges of Zero Equivalence in the Development of Tshivenḓa Financial Terms from English https://journals.bilpubgroup.com/index.php/fls/article/view/8647 <p>This article explores the challenges of zero equivalence in the development of Tshivenḓa financial terms from English, particularly within the broader context of African languages striving for recognition in specialised fields such as finance. The study examines the implications of zero equivalence, where no direct terminology exists for certain financial terms, leading to potential misunderstandings and inconsistencies in financial communication. Using a qualitative approach, data were collected through face-to-face structured interviews with ten (10) participants who were working as terminologists, as there are no trained Tshivenḓa terminologists. The findings reveal that these terminologists are aware of the challenges posed by zero equivalence and struggle with specific English financial terms that lack direct Tshivenḓa counterparts. To address these challenges, the study recommends minimising borrowing as a solution and instead suggests alternatives such as paraphrasing and compounding. These strategies help ensure more precise and culturally relevant development of terms, reducing the risk of misinterpretation in financial discourse. By investigating zero equivalence in the development of financial terminology, this research contributes to the growing field of Term Creation Studies and supports Tshivenḓa terminologists in developing effective strategies for creating technical terminology, particularly in finance and other specialised domains. The findings also imply that addressing zero equivalence is not only crucial for linguistic accuracy but is essential for empowering indigenous language communities to participate fully and confidently in formal economic systems.</p> Hangwani D. Sephodi Itani P. Mandende Linda van Huyssteen Copyright © 2025 Hangwani D. Sephodi, Itani P. Mandende, Linda van Huyssteen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-05-22 2025-05-22 7 6 1–14 1–14 10.30564/fls.v7i6.8647 The Effects of CLIL on Enhancing EFL Writing Accuracy and Language Learning Motivation in an Indonesian Vocational High School Setting https://journals.bilpubgroup.com/index.php/fls/article/view/9281 <p>Writing accuracy remains a persistent challenge for EFL students in Indonesian vocational high schools, where grammar instruction is often decontextualized. Additionally, low language learning motivation further impedes proficiency, as conventional non-CLIL methods fail to provide meaningful engagement. Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) presents a pedagogically sound alternative, merging subject content with language acquisition to create an interactive and cognitively enriching learning environment. This study explores the efficacy of CLIL in enhancing writing accuracy and language learning motivation among third-grade vocational high school students in Aceh, Indonesia. Employing a mixed-methods, quasi-experimental design, the 12-week intervention integrated CLIL-based lesson plans and e-modules adapted from the national curriculum. The instructional approach emphasized linguistic structures such as cause-and-effect clauses, active and passive voice, modal auxiliaries, and selected tenses (present, past perfect, and future tenses), with structured activities strategically designed to foster motivation. A total of 44 students participated. Writing accuracy was assessed using the Barkovska EFL CLIL assessment grid, while language learning motivation levels were measured through a structured questionnaire. Statistical analyses—including paired t-tests, 95% confidence intervals, and effect size computations—revealed minimal, non-significant differences between the experimental and control groups. These findings suggest that while CLIL enhances learner engagement, further pedagogical refinement and targeted teacher training are essential to optimize its impact on measurable language proficiency outcomes in vocational EFL settings.</p> Faisal Idris Nur Ehsan Mohd Said Nur Ainil Sulaiman Copyright © 2025 Faisal Idris, Ehsan, Ainil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-06-02 2025-06-02 7 6 122–148 122–148 10.30564/fls.v7i6.9281 The Characteristics of Postmodernism in Kazakh Prose https://journals.bilpubgroup.com/index.php/fls/article/view/9471 <p>This scholarly article examines the emergence and development of postmodernism within Kazakh literature. One of the pressing issues in contemporary literary studies is examining how national literature aligns with major global literary movements such as modernism and postmodernism. The authors explore the theoretical foundations of postmodernism and describe its aesthetic features as they manifest in Kazakh prose, using specific literary works for illustration. In particular, Mukhtar Magauin’s short story “Ekeu" and Didar Amantai’s novella “Men Sizdi Sagynyp Zhurmin" are examined in depth through the lens of postmodernist aesthetics. The article systematically investigates key characteristics of postmodernism, including narrative fragmentation, the disruption of spatial and temporal continuity, inner psychological crises of characters, intertextuality, irony, polyphony, allusion, and collage techniques. It is revealed that postmodernist literature prioritizes an exploration of the human psyche, existential dilemmas, and spiritual crises over traditional moral-didactic content. A combination of psychological, hermeneutic, phenomenological, and comparative methodologies is employed in the research. The findings highlight the unique stylistic traits and artistic experiments of Kazakh writers who engage with postmodernist modes. The complex narrative structures, stylistic freedom, blending of reality and fantasy, and the interactive relationship with the reader in the works of Magauin and Amantai are identified as core elements of postmodern poetics. Overall, this article presents an important contribution to the understanding of postmodernism in Kazakh literature, offering a comprehensive analysis of its formation, development, and distinctive aesthetic dimensions.</p> Ashirov Zhanibek Yedilbek Abdimomynov Akgul Zhussupova Botakoz Tleubekova Shokankhan Kuttybayev Imangali Orken Aizat Ibraeva Adil Zhakulayev Copyright © 2025 Ashirov Zhanibek, Yedilbek Abdimomynov, Akgul Zhussupova, Botakoz Tleubekova, Shokankhan Kuttybayev, Imangali Orken, Aizat Ibraeva, Adil Zhakulayev https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-06-04 2025-06-04 7 6 291–299 291–299 10.30564/fls.v7i6.9471 A Mathematical Fuzzy Model for Syntax-Pragmatics Interface https://journals.bilpubgroup.com/index.php/fls/article/view/9618 <p>This study proposes a novel fuzzy grammar model to analyze the syntax-pragmatics interface by integrating fuzzy logic into linguistic evaluation. Traditional binary models of grammaticality fail to capture the graded acceptability observed in natural language, where subtle variations in syntactic structure and contextual cues interact to determine overall language performance. Our approach normalizes Likert-scale ratings of syntactic well-formedness and pragmatic appropriateness into fuzzy membership values, enabling a continuous representation of linguistic acceptability. The model employs fuzzy membership functions—primarily using linear normalization—and aggregates syntactic and pragmatic scores using the minimum operator to reflect the principle that a sentence is as acceptable as its weakest component. A small experimental dataset comprising five sentences was used to illustrate the model’s implementation, where descriptive statistics, visual bar charts, and fuzzy inference outputs demonstrated that sentences with inconsistent syntactic and pragmatic ratings yield lower overall acceptability. The results underscore fuzzy logic’s efficacy in distinguishing borderline cases and capturing the nuanced interplay between formal structure and context-sensitive meaning. This integrative framework not only extends theoretical insight into language processing but also offers promising applications in natural language processing, language education, and cross-linguistic studies. Future research should empirically validate the model with larger datasets and explore alternative fuzzy aggregation strategies.</p> Suleiman Mohammad Yogeesh N Khaleel Ibrahim Al-Daoud N Raja, Manoj C R Raghavendra M H Asokan Vasudevan Nawaf Alshdaifat Mohammad Faleh Ahmmad Hunitie Copyright © 2025 Suleiman Mohammad, Yogeesh N, Khaleel Ibrahim Al-Daoud, N Raja, Manoj C R, Raghavendra M H, Asokan Vasudevan, Nawaf Alshdaifat, Mohammad Faleh Ahmmad Hunitie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-05-22 2025-05-22 7 6 26–41 26–41 10.30564/fls.v7i6.9618 Exploring Sacred Narratives: A Cross-Cultural Study of the Eleusinian Mysteries and Sa Worship https://journals.bilpubgroup.com/index.php/fls/article/view/9006 <p>The Eleusinian Mysteries, a central Greek ritual centers around the myth of Demeter and Persephone’s abduction and reconciliation, symbolizing cycles of agriculture, spiritual renewal, and the afterlife. Parallel yet distinct, China’s Dong ethnic group worships Sa, an ancestral mother goddess embodying nature’s fertility and communal protection. This cross-cultural study explores how both traditions bridge humanity and the sacred through structured ritual practices. Theologically, they all use motherhood as a universal metaphor for creation and cyclical renewal: the Eleusis ritual achieves spiritual rebirth through purification rituals and symbolic journeys, while Sa Worship harmonizes cosmic forces through temple rituals and collective ancestral ceremonies. Ecologically, both systems reflect ancient stewardship ethics-Eleusis links human life to earth’s fecundity, and Sa Worship reinforces communal responsibility for natural resources and ancestral lands. Methodologically, the analysis employs Burkert’s ritual theory alongside ethnographic studies of Dong oral traditions, revealing shared responses to universal human anxieties-death, ecological uncertainty, and the need for transcendence. Despite differing epistemologies (elitist initiation vs. communal participation), both traditions construct sacred narratives that transform existential fears into frameworks for resilience. Their ritual grammars offer models for sustainable spirituality in the modern era, demonstrating how agrarian societies developed parallel theologies to navigate life-death cycles and human dependence on nature. This comparison emphasizes the adaptability of specific cultures to archetypal themes while highlighting the eternal ecological wisdom embedded in sacred practices.</p> Na Chen Qiong Liu Copyright © 2025 Na Chen, Qiong Liu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-06-03 2025-06-03 7 6 175–184 175–184 10.30564/fls.v7i6.9006 Integrating AI Translation Ethics and Sociolinguistic Awareness into BA Programs at Saudi and Jordanian Universities https://journals.bilpubgroup.com/index.php/fls/article/view/9409 <p>This research examines the inclusion of AI ethics and sociolinguistic consciousness in Saudi Arabian and Jordanian translation programs at the university level. As the use of AI technology in translation activities increases, the necessity for the inclusion of ethical considerations and sociocultural knowledge in academic programs is of critical concern. A mixed-method model of data collection and analysis using quantitative data from structured questionnaires and qualitative data from semi-structured interviews and open-ended feedback from faculty members, curriculum designers, and professional translators has been utilized. The outcome of the research indicates a wide gap for inclusion of AI-related considerations and sociolinguistic skills in the existing translation programs. Although the participants showed broad agreement with the relevance and necessity of AI-related considerations and sociolinguistic skills, they also noted multiple barriers to implementation, including the lack of instructors' knowledge in the area, the unavailability of updated training resources, and resistance from institutions to make changes to the curriculum. The strongest approaches for bridging the gaps indicated through the study include the provision of exclusive courses in AI ethics for the translation program, fostering interdisciplinary integration with the departments of computer science and ethics, and training teachers professionally. The study advocates for a full-scale revision of the translation curricula to equip students with the knowledge for linguistic capabilities as well as the cultural and moral competencies to tackle the changing environment of AI-based translation. The study provides timely and immediate recommendations for the strengthening of the curricula for the training of translators against the backdrop of rapid technological advances.</p> Alnuri Mohammed Fadhel Naji Alyami Zakaryia Almahasees Copyright © 2025 Alnuri Mohammed Fadhel, Naji Alyami, Zakaryia Almahasees https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-06-03 2025-06-03 7 6 161–174 161–174 10.30564/fls.v7i6.9409 An Acoustic Analysis of Affricates in Qassimi Arabic https://journals.bilpubgroup.com/index.php/fls/article/view/9551 <p>The aim of the paper was to analyze affricates in Qassimi Arabic, and to examine their temporal features in comparison with other related obstruents. The target sounds were /ts/, /dz/, /t/, /s/, /d/, /z/, /k/, /g/. Various measurements were made to provide a thorough acoustic analysis of target sounds: The durations of closure, the duration of the friction phase, and the duration of affricates. In addition, the duration of the preceding vowel was also measured, as it was suggested in previous cross-linguistics studies to play a crucial role in affricate. The participants were native speakers of QA, with ages ranging from 20 to 28. The results showed that QA data conform with cross-linguistic features of affricates; the duration of affricate and friction of the voiceless affricate /ts/ were longer than the voiced counterpart /dz/. The duration of closure portion of affricate also showed a difference between the voiced and voiceless affricates, where the latter was longer than the former. Further, the duration of the preceding vowel showed a compensation with the following affricate duration. In particular, the voiceless affricate, which was longer than the voiced one, had shorter preceding vowels. The study provides preliminary and interesting results of affricates in Qassimi Arabic and contributes in filling a gap of the investigation of affricates in Arabic varieties in general.</p> Yasser Albaty Copyright © 2025 Yasser Albaty https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-06-03 2025-06-03 7 6 201–210 201–210 10.30564/fls.v7i6.9551 Developing CTL-Based Digital Media E-Worksheet for Second Language Learning https://journals.bilpubgroup.com/index.php/fls/article/view/9665 <p>Currently, technology has influenced human life, including the world of education. Teachers also have to design how the exercises and materials can be used by using a cellphone. One way is CTL-based interactive e-worksheets which is an alternative learning media for popular scientific article text material that can visualize images, audio and video to make it easier for junior high school students to understand Indonesian language learning. This e-worksheet will later be designed using the CTL learning model. The CTL learning model will make students learn to connect everyday life with the material being studied. This research aims to develop CTL-based interactive e-worksheet as a digital medium for studying the text of popular scientific articles. This research uses mixed methods or mixed research. The research model used is 4-D. Data were collected using questionnaires, interviews, and scientific article text reading skill tests. The research results show that (1) the manufacture of CTL-based interactive e-worksheets follows the 4D research model until the deployment stage; (2) the results of e-worksheet validation are included in the very valid category in terms of content suitability, presentation language, and graphics; and (3) product dissemination shows an increase in popular scientific article text reading skills in experimental and control classes. Therefore, CTL-based interactive e-worksheet is suitable for use as a digital learning medium for popular scientific article text material.</p> Afnita Efrianto Siti Ansoriyah Fitriani Lubis Ifnaldi Zulfikarni Vicno Triwira Dhika JR. Simah Mamat Ridha Hasnul Ulya Aditya Rachman Faiza Nurrahmah Copyright © 2025 Afnita, Efrianto, Siti Ansoriyah, Fitriani Lubis, Ifnaldi, Zulfikarni, Vicno Triwira Dhika Jr., Simah Mamat, Ridha Hasnul Ulya, Aditya Rachman, Faiza Nurrahmah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-06-02 2025-06-02 7 6 103–121 103–121 10.30564/fls.v7i6.9665 Attitudes of Jordanian High School Students Towards the Use of Social Media for Learning English https://journals.bilpubgroup.com/index.php/fls/article/view/9354 <p>Attitude can play a significant role in determining how effectively educational tools are employed. Social media has become an important part of daily life in Jordan, influencing how people interact, communicate and use information. In this study, we will assess the attitudes of Jordanian school students towards the use of social media for learning English and recognize the benefits and challenges for using social media for language learning among such students. To investigate such an objective, a random sampling method was applied to choose 200 participants from two private schools and two public schools. A questionnaire was applied on the subjects to collect the required data. The questionnaire was organized to capture both quantitative and qualitative data. In conclusion, the study shows that Jordanian students have positive attitudes towards using media as a tool for learning English, recognizing its benefits but also acknowledging its limitations. The findings indicate that students hold a generally positive attitude towards social media as a tool for enhancing their English language skills. Most students realize the potential of social media for improving their English, appreciating its diverse resources and engaging nature. They acknowledge that social media can complement traditional learning methods, though they also identify several challenges. The study shows that there are no significant differences in attitudes between students from public and private schools in Jordan. The study ends with recommendations that educators should focus on creating high quality, engaging, and focus on interactive English materials, for social media platforms.</p> Mahmoud Qudah Copyright © 2025 Mahmoud Qudah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-06-04 2025-06-04 7 6 278–290 278–290 10.30564/fls.v7i6.9354 Teachers’ Use of Generative AI in Jordanian Universities: Practices and Perceptions https://journals.bilpubgroup.com/index.php/fls/article/view/9644 <p>The rise of Generative AI tools such as ChatGPT and ChatPDF offers transformative possibilities in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education. This study investigates how EFL instructors in Jordanian universities perceive and use AI tools to develop reading and writing materials. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected from 87 instructors via surveys and 15 via semi-structured interviews. Results show that while instructors recognize the benefits of AI in enhancing material quality, saving preparation time, and improving student engagement, they also express concerns regarding student overreliance, ethical implications, and challenges of integrating AI into traditional curricula. The findings suggest a critical need for targeted professional development to enhance AI literacy among instructors. Importantly, this study addresses a regional gap by offering empirical insights into AI adoption in Jordanian higher education. It contributes to the global and Middle Eastern understanding of opportunities and challenges in promoting responsible and effective AI integration in EFL teaching.</p> Saja Wardat Mohammed Akour Copyright © 2025 Saja Wardat, Prof. Mohammed Akour https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-05-27 2025-05-27 7 6 90–102 90–102 10.30564/fls.v7i6.9644 War Trauma in Liaozhai Zhiyi: A Study of Intralingual Diachronic Translation Techniques https://journals.bilpubgroup.com/index.php/fls/article/view/9094 <p>This paper discusses the issues of rendering the horror aspect of war trauma in intralingual diachronic translations of <em>Liaozhai Zhiyi </em>(<em>Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio</em>). The overall issue examined is how to effectively render the intense, intricate mood of war trauma and maintain access for modern readers. Though there have been studies on literary translation assessing different facets of cultural transmission, research on the particular challenges of depicting war trauma in intralingual diachronic translations, particularly in the light of historical and cultural distance between the source text (ST) and contemporary readers, remains scarce. It is with this intention that the current study seeks to fill this void by considering Zhonghua Book Company (ZBC), one of China's most prestigious antiquarian publishers. It pays attention to how these methods succeed in retaining the emotional and horror aspects of the ST, which are critical to the depiction of war trauma. Based on Yu’s (2002) theory of war trauma and Chen’s (1999) techniques of translation, the paper applies a comparative and descriptive methodology in examining certain cases of translation. The results illustrate the important contribution of intralingual diachronic translations towards cultural preservation alongside their capacity for enabling a dynamic interaction between historical and modern visions. The research highlights the relevance of translation as a tool not just of cultural preservation but also of overcoming temporal boundaries, providing useful insights to both the literary study of horror and the theory of translation.</p> Ning Kou Sang Seong Goh Copyright © 2025 Ning Kou, Sang Seong Goh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-05-22 2025-05-22 7 6 15–25 15–25 10.30564/fls.v7i6.9094 Quantifying Dialogue Coherence Using Fuzzy Logic Systems https://journals.bilpubgroup.com/index.php/fls/article/view/9442 <p>This study presents a novel fuzzy logic framework to quantitatively evaluate dialogue coherence, integrating mathematical modeling with an experimental case study approach. Recognizing that dialogue coherence is a continuous and multidimensional construct, we employ fuzzy set theory to design membership functions for critical linguistic variables, including topical continuity, syntactic alignment, and semantic relevance. Unlike traditional binary metrics, our approach computes a continuous coherence score using a weighted aggregation model, where each score is deriving expert-calibrated fuzzy inference rules. The empirical case study uses a heterogeneous dialogue corpus, consisting of interview transcripts and natural conversation recordings. The corpus was split into segments, with the segments annotated by linguistic experts. The Pearson correlation statistical analysis shows a strong correlation between the fuzzy coherence scores and the expert ratings, highlighting the robustness and reliability of the method. The research elaborates on implications for communication studies, such as applications to therapy, education, and human-computer interaction, as well as its limitations like subjectivity in defining the rules or challenges for scaling it. We conclude by proposing several lines of future research, such as incorporating additional variables spanning linguistic and non-verbal aspects and creating methods for automated calibration that would allow the model to personalize itself over time. In summary, our study confirms the usage of fuzzy logic systems with respect to the subtle gradience of dialogue coherence, enriching not just the theoretical notions of a dialogue but also being used as an exhaust model for classification.</p> Khaleel I. Al-Daoud Yogeesh N Suleiman I. S. Mohammad N. Raja R. Kavitha H S Aravinda Reddy N Asokan Vasudevan Nawaf Alshdaifat Mohammad F. A. Hunitie Copyright © 2025 Khaleel I. Al-Daoud, Yogeesh N, Suleiman I. S. Mohammad, N. Raja, R. Kavitha H S, Aravinda Reddy N, Asokan Vasudevan, Nawaf Alshdaifat, Mohammad F. A. Hunitie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-06-03 2025-06-03 7 6 185–200 185–200 10.30564/fls.v7i6.9442 From Foreign to Familiar: Transliteration Challenges in the Latinization of Kazakh Exonyms https://journals.bilpubgroup.com/index.php/fls/article/view/9617 <p>The transition of the Kazakh language from Cyrillic to the Latin alphabet, initiated as part of a broader cultural modernization strategy, has significant implications for the standardization of exonyms - foreign geographical names adapted for use in Kazakh. This article explores the phonological, orthographic, and sociolinguistic challenges that arise in this process, particularly in relation to exonyms inherited from Russian-language conventions or derived from typologically unrelated source languages. Building on transliteration principles established by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) and recent corpus-based research, the study develops a stratified model for exonym adaptation in Kazakhstan. Through the analysis of country names, urban toponyms, and natural landmarks, the article examines key linguistic factors such as phoneme inventory compatibility, semantic transparency, and morphological adaptability. A quantitative analysis of Kazakh-language corpora and map-based data reveals that Russian-influenced forms still dominate public discourse and cartographic materials, although there is an observable trend toward direct transliteration from English and other global languages. The study also considers the complexities involved in adapting exonyms from non-alphabetic writing systems, such as Chinese. Ultimately, the paper advocates for a nuanced standardization approach that balances Kazakh phonological integrity with international recognizability, recommending policy measures such as phonetic consistency, public-access digital databases, and educational support for wider implementation.</p> Kyzdarkhan Rysbergen Nursaule Rsaliyeva Dana Pashan Eugen Schochenmaier Seyitbatkal Arlen Copyright © 2025 Kyzdarkhan Rysbergen, Nursaule Rsaliyeva, Dana Pashan, Eugen Schochenmaier, Seyitbatkal Arlen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-05-23 2025-05-23 7 6 42–55 42–55 10.30564/fls.v7i6.9617 Examining Academic Writing Proficiency and Self-perception among Non-English Major Students in a Thai Regional University https://journals.bilpubgroup.com/index.php/fls/article/view/10044 <p>In an English for academic purposes (ESP) course at a Thai regional university, evaluations primarily consist of multiple-choice exams. This approach can put students at a disadvantage when facing international standardized exams with essay writing. Therefore, this mixed methods research examined whether non-English majors at a regional university were adequately prepared for academic writing tasks and to analyse their self-perception regarding writing proficiency and needs. The participants comprised 166 sophomores and juniors enrolled in two ESP classes. They were tasked with writing an essay like those in the IELTS. Subsequently, a questionnaire was administered to gauge their perceptions of their performance. The results from the questionnaires showed that students lacked confidence in their own writing abilities. They felt that their abilities to write seemed insufficient for standardized English exams and expressed a need for a course on academic English writing, given that their future careers would require proficient English writing abilities. The results of comparing perceptions of readiness in essay writing show that students who obtained an A grade for this ESP course had more confidence only in reading prompts and writing a topic sentence than those who received a B, a C, and a D. Moreover, the results from essay grading corroborated that assessing students with multiple-choice exams might not be adequate for measuring proficiency in essay writing. Thai regional university students would benefit from an evaluation scheme that incorporates essay composing to gain more understanding and writing experiences.</p> Arnon Chaisuriya Pongsatean Luengalongkot Copyright © 2025 Arnon Chaisuriya, Pongsatean Luengalongkot https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-06-04 2025-06-04 7 6 331–341 331–341 10.30564/fls.v7i6.10044 The Role of Syntagmas in Sentence Structure and Text https://journals.bilpubgroup.com/index.php/fls/article/view/8990 <p>This study explores the significance of syntagmas in linguistic speech, with a focus on their critical role in the structuring, organization, and perception of language. Syntagmas - inear sequences of linguistic elements - serve as the building blocks of meaningful communication and are central to how humans process and produce speech. The research examines the dynamic relationships among words, sentences, and syntagmas, highlighting their combined function in text formation and the cohesive flow of discourse. A central and still unresolved question in linguistic theory is the identification of the fundamental unit of speech that underlies the generation of more complex speech structures, including complete texts. This challenge persists due to the conceptual complexity of the issue as well as limitations in existing methodological approaches. The study argues that to produce consistent and meaningful results, linguistic analysis must be grounded in clearly defined principles and employ robust analytical tools. At the core of this investigation is an in-depth analysis of the sentence as a structured speech unit - one that encapsulates a complete thought and thus holds significant explanatory power in understanding how language conveys meaning. By addressing the functional and structural properties of sentences and syntagmas, the research aims to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the mechanisms behind speech production. Ultimately, the study calls for a refinement of linguistic methodologies to better uncover the intricate processes that govern human communication.</p> Gulnaz Berkinbayeva Zhuldyz Kurmambayeva Nurgul Turysbekova Meruyert Burkitbayeva Korlan Issakhanova Copyright © 2025 Gulnaz Berkinbayeva, Zhuldyz Kurmambayeva, Nurgul Turysbekova, Meruyert Burkitbayeva, Korlan Issakhanova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-05-26 2025-05-26 7 6 211–218 211–218 10.30564/fls.v7i6.8990 Gazelle Descriptions in Arabic Poetry: A Comparative Analysis of Ibn Zaydun and Ahmed Shawqi's Artistic Brilliance https://journals.bilpubgroup.com/index.php/fls/article/view/9380 <p>This study explored the comparative representation of the gazelle in the poetry of Ibn Zaydun and Ahmed Shawqi, two iconic figures in Arabic literature. The primary objective of this research was to uncover how each poet utilizes gazelle imagery to convey themes of beauty, love, and longing, and how their unique cultural and historical contexts influence their poetic interpretations. Employing a descriptive analytical methodology, the research involved a detailed textual analysis of selected poems by both poets, focusing on metaphor, metonymy, and analogy as key literary devices. The comparative analysis further highlighted the distinct poetic sensibilities of Ibn Zaydun and Shawqi, tracing their thematic and stylistic differences. Data was analyzed through a close reading technique, supported by existing scholarly literature, which provided a critical framework for understanding the evolution of gazelle symbolism in Arabic poetry. The study’s key findings revealed that while Ibn Zaydun's gazelle is emblematic of romantic longing and refined emotion rooted in Andalusian courtly tradition, Shawqi’s gazelle embodies a more dynamic and nationalistic spirit, reflecting Egypt’s Nahda (renaissance). These insights contribute to the broader understanding of Arabic literary symbolism, emphasizing the gazelle as a versatile poetic motif that transcends historical and cultural boundaries. The findings have significant implications for the study of Arabic literary tradition, offering a nuanced perspective on how classical symbols are adapted and reimagined across different periods.</p> Du Sheng Gurdip Kaur Saminder Singh Ranjit Kaur P. Gernail Singh Copyright © 2025 Du Sheng, Gurdip Kaur Saminder Singh, Ranjit Kaur P. Gernail Singh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-05-25 2025-05-25 7 6 68–78 68–78 10.30564/fls.v7i6.9380 Cross-Linguistic Influence: Linguistic Variables or Acquisitional Preferences? https://journals.bilpubgroup.com/index.php/fls/article/view/9546 <p>Cross-linguistic influence (CLI) remains a central focus in second language acquisition (SLA), particularly in understanding how first language (L1) conceptual structures shape the perception and acquisition of second language (L2) features. Traditional models of SLA typically emphasize structural mismatches and the frequency of exposure, but often overlook the role of learner agency in conceptual restructuring. This study introduces the concept of acquisitional preferences, which refers to the idea that learners selectively attend to, retain, or overlook certain conceptual features in the L2, based on internalized priorities shaped by cognitive economy, communicative value, or perceived relevance. Synthesizing findings across studies of lexical, grammatical, and conceptual transfer, this theory-building review identifies consistent patterns and theoretical gaps in how conceptual transfer interacts with learner-driven selectivity. The findings of this study suggest that traditional linguistic variables – such as proficiency and input frequency – alone are insufficient to explain L2 conceptual restructuring fully. This study proposes a framework of acquisitional preferences that helps account for persistent inconsistencies in SLA, particularly in cases where learners resist restructuring despite substantial exposure. This model positions learners as active participants in shaping their acquisition pathways and offers a foundation for future empirical research using qualitative methods. Ultimately, it supports the development of more nuanced theories of cross-linguistic influence and cognitive adaptation in SLA.</p> Sarp Erkir Hussein Abushaaban Ali Ata Alkhaldi Rashad Faleh Alhasan Copyright © 2025 Sarp Erkir, Hussein Abushaaban, Ali Ata Alkhaldi, Rashad Faleh Alhasan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-06-04 2025-06-04 7 6 263–277 263–277 10.30564/fls.v7i6.9546 The Role of Mobile Computing in Adaptive Testing for English Language Learners: Personalizing Assessment to Improve Outcomes https://journals.bilpubgroup.com/index.php/fls/article/view/9663 <p>Mobile computing has revolutionized educational assessment, particularly for English Language Learners (ELLs), by enabling personalized, adaptive testing. Traditional standardized assessments often fail to accommodate the diverse linguistic competencies of ELLs, leading to inaccurate evaluations of their knowledge and skills. The integration of artificial intelligence and mobile computing has given rise to adaptive testing, which dynamically adjusts the difficulty level of test items in real-time, based on a student’s responses. This approach enhances assessment accuracy, fosters engagement, and provides educators with actionable insights through real-time data analytics. Moreover, mobile computing facilitates accessibility, ensuring that students can participate in assessments from any location, using devices such as smartphones and tablets. However, challenges such as the digital divide, data privacy concerns, and the need for teacher training pose obstacles to the widespread implementation of mobile-based adaptive testing. This research paper provides an in-depth exploration of the role of mobile computing in adaptive testing for ELLs, analysing its benefits, limitations, and future directions. Extensive research, case studies, and data-driven insights illustrate how mobile computing can transform assessments, making them more inclusive, equitable, and effective. Infographics and tables are included to provide a comprehensive visual representation of key findings and trends in adaptive testing. Inculcation of qualitative methodology enhances the authenticity of this research, and the results prove that the research withstands the needs of the evolving era.</p> Vusal Maharram Karimli Tehrana Sayyad Khudaverdiyeva Farida Huseynova Fatima Zahid İsmayilli Khadija Mohsum Aliyeva Nigar Namig Aliyarova Khazangul Süleyman Babayeva Nazli Ahmed Bayramova Vid S. Honfi Venkata Siva Kumari Narayana Copyright © 2025 Vusal Maharram Karimli, Tehrana Sayyad Khudaverdiyeva, Farida Huseynova, Fatima Zahid İsmayilli, Khadija Mohsum Aliyeva, Nigar Namig Aliyarova, Khazangul Süleyman Babayeva, Nazli Ahmed Bayramova, Vid S. Honfi, Venkata Siva Kumari Narayana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-06-02 2025-06-02 7 6 149–160 149–160 10.30564/fls.v7i6.9663 The Role of Corpus Linguistics in Information and Communication Technologies Education: A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends https://journals.bilpubgroup.com/index.php/fls/article/view/8952 <p>By improving linguistic analysis and digital literacy, corpus linguistics' incorporation into information and communication technologies (ICT) education empowers students to use standardized research techniques across languages. Thanks to ICT tools, students become active researchers instead of passive learners, encouraging linguistic inquiry. This multidisciplinary method updates corpus-based research for worldwide relevance by utilizing automation and data analysis. Using the Web of Science and Scopus databases, this study performs a bibliometric analysis of publications on corpus linguistics in ICT education from 2004 to 2024. VOSviewer, Excel, and CSV files were used for data extraction, screening, and analysis. The study provides information about the knowledge structure of the field by identifying publication trends, essential authors, journals, and keyword clusters. The study shows that corpus linguistics research among ICT students follows a cyclical pattern, with Web of Science peaking in 2014 and Scopus peaking in 2018. Publications from early research (2004–2010) were few, but after 2010, interest increased. For 20 years, key terms have not changed, highlighting a long-term scholarly focus. Research trends are heavily influenced by institutional structures, disciplinary traditions, and ICT adoption; this emphasizes the necessity of customized ICT policies in corpus linguistics education. Based on cyclical publication patterns in Web of Science and Scopus, the findings show a shift from a theoretical focus to ICT integration. The study emphasizes how interdisciplinary approaches are necessary to improve the sustainability and accessibility of corpus linguistics in ICT education.</p> Nilufar Barnoyeva Gulnoza Sabirova Dilnoza Radjabova Xilola Umarxo’ jayeva Gulchekhra Razzokova Sitora Daniyarova Dilafruz Saidvalieva Copyright © 2025 Nilufar Barnoyeva, Gulnoza Sabirova, Dilnoza Radjabova, Xilola Umarxo’ jayeva, Gulchekhra Razzokova, Sitora Daniyarova, Dilafruz Saidvalieva https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-05-26 2025-05-26 7 6 79–89 79–89 10.30564/fls.v7i6.8952 Artificial Intelligence and the Simulacrum in Literature https://journals.bilpubgroup.com/index.php/fls/article/view/9477 <p>The article offers a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of literary texts created with the involvement of artificial intelligence (AI), examined through philosophical, cultural, ethical, and literary-theoretical approaches. The aim of the research is to interpret AI-generated literature through the lens of Jean Baudrillard’s concepts of simulacra and hyperreality, as well as to explore the transformation of authorship in the age of generative technologies. The objects of analysis are two AI-assisted literary works: the Japanese short story The Day a Computer Writes a Novel and the American novel 1 the Road. The methodological framework is based on poststructuralist theory and integrates interdisciplinary research from philosophy, law, cultural studies, literary criticism, and cognitive science. The study examines models of human-AI collaboration in literary creation (curator, co-author, coordinator, scriptor) and addresses legal and intellectual property issues related to automated writing. It also analyzes cultural differences in the reception of AI literature in Western and East Asian societies, shaped by mythological and religious traditions legitimizing AI as a creative agent. Special attention is given to shifts in reader perception, the “semantic void,” and evolving expectations tied to machine authorship. The analysis positions AI literature as a simulacral textual form, replicating literary genres without ontological ties to human experience. This opens new perspectives on authorship, genre, originality, and the creative function of literature in digital culture. The study lays theoretical groundwork for future research on AI in the humanities and emphasizes the need for continued interdisciplinary investigation.</p> Symbat Sarsembayeva Saulesh Aituganova Maksat Kopbosynov Zhanar Kulibekova Copyright © 2025 Symbat Sarsembayeva, Saulesh Aituganova, Maksat Kopbosynov, Zhanar Kulibekova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 2025-05-23 2025-05-23 7 6 56–67 56–67 10.30564/fls.v7i6.9477