Journal of Building Material Science

Effect of Diameter and Number of Bolts on the Rotation Stiffness of Beam-to-Column Timber Joints

Yosafat Aji Pranata, Olga Catherina Pattipawaej, Amos Setiadi — Fri, 06 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Beam-to-column joints affect the behavior of the building. This research aims to obtain an empirical equation of the rotational stiffness of the beam-to-column timber joints with variations in the number and diameter of bolts. The method used is the destructive method to obtain elastic and post-elastic history of load and deformation of timber joints. The scope of the research is the timber using red meranti (Shorea spp.) species, with a cross-sectional size of 50mm x 100mm, bolts using various diameters of 8, 10, and 12mm. Beam-to-column timber joints use a variety of one, two, and three bolts. Testing uses a monotonic loading type. The behaviors reviewed are load-carrying capacity and rotational stiffness. The results obtained from this research, which are the proposed bilinear moment-rotational stiffness relationship curve model for beam-to-column timber joints, can provide benefits in modeling and analyzing the structure of multi-storey wooden buildings, especially in modeling parameters of spring elements for beam-to-column joints of red meranti (Shorea spp.) timber. The proposed equation for moment capacity and rotational stiffness in terms of elastic range, namely M_y and θ_y, has an R² of 0.86 and 0.87, respectively. These results indicate a strong relationship between moment capacity, bolt diameter size, and number of bolt variables in a statistical model. In the design context, the parameters used are at elastic limit range conditions. The results of the research show that the number of bolts has a significant effect on the beam-to-column joint, namely the non-linear moment and rotational capacity increases.

Effects of Raw Materials, Sintering Conditions, and Stabilizers on High Volume M3-Alite Synthesis

Rajesh Kumar, Shashank Bishnoi, Nagasubramanian Gopalakrishnan — Thu, 05 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0800

The study presents the process to synthesize and characterize the M3 polymorph of Tricalcium oxy silicate, also known as alite (Ca₃O(SiO₄)), a major component in Portland cement. An optimized solid-state reaction protocol has been established for synthesizing high volume pure M3-alite. The effects of raw materials, sintering conditions, degree of compaction, and stabilizers were studied on the synthesis process of the pure phase. The synthesized M3-alite powder was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and particle size analysis. The results indicated that high volume M3-alite polymorph (800 gm in one cycle) can be synthesized with a purity higher than 95% by sintering under optimized raw materials and sintering conditions at 1650 °C for 180 minutes without compaction techniques. Stabilization of the M3 polymorph also involved the addition of MgO as well as Al₂O₃ as stabilizers. XRD analysis confirmed the formation of the monoclinic structure (M3) of alite. The synthesized powder showed a d₅₀ of 13.85 μm, a BET surface area of 777.8 ± 50 m²/kg, and a density of 3.14 ± 0.05 g/cm³. This optimization process allows efficient production of a superior quality M3-alite polymorph that is required in low carbon cement research for a better understanding of different attributes after the addition of chemical and mineral admixtures at different environmental conditions.

Experimental Study on the Influence of TiO₂ and GGBS on Concrete Durability and Impact Strength

Mamidi Srinivasan, Pothukuchi Sravana — Tue, 10 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0800

The paper examines the improvements in M40 and M50 grade concrete properties resulting from adding nano-titania and using ground granulated blast-furnace slag as a replacement for cement in an effort to produce an environmentally friendly concrete substitute. The concrete mixes were formulated by following IS 10262:2019 and the different mix combinations comprised 0.5% to 2% nano-TiO₂ as well as up to 40% replacement of cement with ground granulated blast-furnace slag. Tests were performed to analyze the behavior of the mixes under mechanical loads, abrasion and impact, as well as freezing and thawing conditions. Mixes containing 1% nano-TiO₂ and either 30% GGBS or recycled glass powder yielded better results than reference mixes. This series of modified concretes demonstrated superior performance through lower abrasion loss, higher resistance to compression and compression forces similar to impact and enhanced freeze–thaw durability substantiated by the preservation of dynamic modulus, density and UVD values. The improvements are a direct consequence of the strengthening effect produced by the combined presence of nano- and pozzolanic materials. Experiments demonstrate that incorporating nano- and pozzolanic components simultaneously enhances durability, mechanical performance and lowers the amount of cement required. This method enables both sustainable and durable performance in concrete that can withstand various rigorous applications.

Engineering Design and Construction of Modern Dining Arch

Rabiu Ahmad Abubakar — Fri, 30 May 2025 00:00:00 +0800

The Building Dining Arch project aimed to create a functional and aesthetically pleasing space that integrated modern architectural design with efficient dining facilities. The structure was conceived to provide a unique dining experience while also serving as a central gathering point for both social and culinary activities. The design incorporated innovative materials and sustainable construction techniques, ensuring durability and environmental compatibility. The layout facilitated smooth circulation, with open spaces enhancing user comfort. Upon completion, the project successfully met its objectives by creating an inviting and practical dining environment, blending form with function. The environmental impact of building structures is increasingly scrutinized, particularly regarding embodied carbon and lifecycle emissions. This study presents a comprehensive Lifecycle Assessment (LCA) and embodied carbon analysis for the engineering design and construction of a Modern Dining Arch—a sustainable, multifunctional architectural element. By utilizing regionally sourced low-carbon materials, modular prefabrication methods, and design optimization for material efficiency, the project achieved a significant reduction in embodied carbon. The cradle-to-gate assessment reveals a 35% reduction in carbon footprint compared to conventional construction, with total emissions quantified at 175 kg CO₂-eq/m², down from a baseline of 270 kg CO₂-eq/m². This substantiates the environmental viability of the arch and provides a replicable framework for sustainable architectural design.

Influence of Fly Ash, Alcofine, Alkaline Molarity, Curing Duration and Machine Learning Predictions on Geopolymer Concrete

Sayali A. Baitule, Bhushan H. Shinde — Mon, 09 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0800

The study is motivated from the perspective of developing an eco-friendly and effective alternative to cement-based materials. One of the contributions of this research lies in the assessment of three different concentrations of sodium hydroxide (8M, 12M, and 16M) along with the use of Activated Low-Calcium Fly Ash (ALF) as a supplementary cementitious material. Another contribution is the use of predictive modelling on experimental data using Decision Tree regression for estimating the compressive strength. The experimental results showed that the workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of GPMC improved with the increase of fly ash content from 325 to 400 kg/m³. Also, the best mechanical performance was recorded at the highest molarity of 16M and 28 days of curing. Analysing the stress and strain showed typical elastic behaviour with gradual softening after peak stress which is a characteristic of geopolymer-based materials. Testing for water absorption showed that increase in fly ash content resulted in lower porosity which indicates increased density and long-term durability. In addition, the predictive modelling approach also reached a very high coefficient of determination, validating the model’s robustness and the relationship between the input parameters and the compressive strength value. As a conclusion, the research emphasises the capabilities of optimising the mix design parameters to enhance the mechanical properties of the geopolymer concrete, making it more eco-friendly when compared to traditional Portland cement based systems.

A Study on Factors Influencing Cost Management in Green Building Construction

MingQi Yang — Wed, 11 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Green buildings represent a crucial solution for reducing carbon emissions in the construction sector, which accounts for approximately one-third of global energy-related emissions. However, high initial costs remain a significant barrier to widespread adoption of sustainable construction practices. This study addresses the critical gap in understanding how cost factors interconnect throughout the entire lifecycle of green building projects. Using a comprehensive life cycle approach combined with Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and MICMAC (Matrix of Cross-Impact Multiplications Applied to Classification) methodologies, this research examines 20 key factors influencing green building construction costs across four major phases: planning and design, construction and building, maintenance and recovery, and policy and environment. The analysis reveals that "Policy Support" functions as the primary root cause factor, exerting the strongest influence on green building design, certification requirements, and operational strategies. Energy-saving technologies and green construction standards emerge as critical mediating factors within the system hierarchy. The ISM analysis constructs a seven-level hierarchical structure, while MICMAC classification identifies independent, dependent, and interactive factor categories based on their driving power and dependence relationships. This research provides the first systematic mapping of cost factor interdependencies in green building projects, offering both theoretical advancement in cost analysis methodologies and practical guidance for governments, developers, and investors. The framework enables stakeholders to optimize cost efficiency, prioritize regulatory interventions, and develop strategies that promote economically viable sustainable construction practices.

Spatial Organisation of Housing and Factors Influencing Residential Choice in the Town of Bol, Lake Province, Chad

Fri, 06 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Housing, access to which is recognised as a universal right for all, embodies the values, traditions and social dynamics specific to different communities. It is a place of residence whose choice is often influenced by social, economic, religious, demographic, cultural and environmental factors. The housing in Bol, a Sahelian town in the Lac province of Chad, is a good example of this. This study looks at the spatial organisation of housing and the factors influencing residential choice in Bol, a Sahelian town in Chad's Lake Province. The study explains how traditional and modern influences intersect in the built environment, affecting architectural identity and social cohesion. The research methodology includes documentary analysis, field observations, photography, architectural surveys, interviews with urban stakeholders, focus group discussions and household surveys. The results reveal that there are three types of housing in the town of Bol, namely traditional housing, semi-modern housing and modern housing. In addition, three modes of spatial organisation were identified, including organisation around the central courtyard, separation of men and women, and random layout. Housing choice and spatial organisation were influenced by culture, age (p < 5%), gender (p < 0.001), religion (p < 0.001), occupation (p < 0.001) and income (p<5%). The field surveys reveal a transition to modernity that would result in a loss of the architectural identity of the town of Bol. These results provide urban players, political decision-makers and the public with essential information for improving housing and preserving the architectural identity of Bol.

Utilizing Nano-TiO2 and GGBS to Improve Concrete’s Acid Resistance and Durability

Mamidi Srinivasan, P. Sravana — Thu, 12 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Although concrete is a commonly used building material, it suffers deterioration in acidic surroundings. Significant structural damage and expensive repairs can follow from this. This work examined the strength and durability of M40 and M50 grade concrete incorporating 30% ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and 1% titanium dioxide (TiO₂). Several tests, including an acid resistance and fast chloride penetration test (RCPT), evaluated this altered concrete's performance. Over 28, 90, and 180 days, the acid resistance test assessed the effects of 5% sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄). The modified concrete showed less weight loss and more residual compressive strength than conventional concrete, according the findings. The calculations of the acid durability factor verified that the modified concrete mix showed better resistance against hostile chemical surroundings. Measuring the overall charge passed through concrete specimens, the Rapid Chloride Penetration Test (RCPT) evaluated chloride ion permeability. Classifying the modified concrete as “very low”, it displayed a notable decrease in chloride penetration with roughly (50–60)% lower permeability for M40 and (40–50)% for M50 compared to the control mix.

Improving the Structural Properties of Sustainable Earthen Construction by Incorporating Lime

Tue, 03 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Sustainable construction targets the reduction of the negative impacts of construction operations on the environment and improving the utilization of natural resources. It does this by reducing the cost of carbon emissions, the utilization of environmentally friendly materials, reducing energy and water usage, which increases the life of buildings, and reducing wastage through recycling. It is against this background that the current study discusses in detail how the physical characteristics of clay and sand bricks can be enhanced by the application of lime addition. From the results, it was concluded that 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of lime addition in the bricks improved the physical properties of the bricks considerably by raising their density from 2.1% to 4.65% and reducing their water absorption by 6.36%, as well as their strength and durability towards the environmental factors. There were also mechanical property improvements, where compressive strength was improved in the range of 27.27% to 43.66% and modulus of ‎elasticity was improved in the range of 1.8% to 11.5%, being more load-carrying. The findings confirm the possibility of the utilization of lime as an eco-friendly alternative in traditional ‎construction practice, in alignment with the trend for the creation of more environmental and effective construction materials.

Mechanical Performance of Fiber-Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete: Comparative Analysis and Structural Implications

Hemant B Dahake, Bhushan H Shinde — Mon, 09 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0800

The aim of this study is to assess the mechanical properties of different types of fibre-reinforced self-compacting concrete (FRSCC) such as steel fibre (SFSCC), glass fibre (GFSCC), polypropylene fibre (PFSCC) and plain self-compacting concrete (SCC). This will involve the evaluation of various fibres’ influences on the key strength parameters including compressive, split tensile, flexural and shear strengths. The results obtained from the compressive strength tests show that SFSCC has the best performance among all fibre-reinforced mixes with a peak value of 40.41 MPa at 0.5% fibre dosage. In relation to split tensile strength, SFSCC has a slight increase over plain SCC while GFSCC and PFSCC have shown significant improvements with increasing fibre content. All three types of FRSCCs indicate an enhancement in flexural strength, with SFSCC having higher values than any other type. Shear strength tests also confirm that SFSCC is superior to both GFSCCs and PFSCCs as well as the control mix. From these findings it is clear that the incorporation of fibres into SCC significantly improves its mechanical properties whereby steel fibres provide the most pronounced overall benefits. Each fibre type contributes differently depending on the mechanical parameter being analysed which implies there are possibilities for customised applications based on specific structural requirements. The findings of this study have shown that fibre reinforcement can improve the performance of SCC for future construction needs. Future research should focus on optimising fibre dosages, exploring hybrid fibre combinations and assessing long-term durability to increase the use of FRSCC in modern structural engineering practices.

Model-Based Mechanical Property and Structural Failure Prediction of Pseudo Ductile Hybrid Composite

Genetu Amare Dress, Yohannes Regassa, Ermias Gebrekidan Koricho — Thu, 03 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Lightweight fiber reinforced composites are widely used in engineering structures, which often fail catastrophically due to the uncertainty of external loads and their brittle nature. The development of pseudo ductile hybrid composites was the proposed solution to create minimal ductility in fiber reinforced composites so that equipment downtime, cost, and loss of lives can be minimized in their structural application. However, the development of pseudo ductile hybrid composites does not guarantee that pseudo ductile hybrid composite is prone to failure. As a result, different models, including Halpin-Tsai, Hashin and Shtrikman, Weibull, and log-normal models, were developed to predict degradation of mechanical properties and structural failure so that prior recognition of failure can be achieved. The current structural health monitoring research trend shows the development of hybrid mechanical property and structural failure prediction models spalling the drawback of data-driven and physics-based models. Physics-based models require detail understanding of the root cause of failure in terms of mathematical or physical model to predict failure progression whereas data-driven models rely on historical data or sensor data collected from machineries or structures. While hybrid models combine the strengths of both physics-based and data-driven models providing manageable uncertainty and more accurate prediction. This paper aims to review model-based mechanical property and structural failure prediction strategies with regard to pseudo ductile hybrid composites highlighting future research directions and challenges, and offering insights beneficial to the research and industrial communities.

Light Transmitting Concrete: A State-of-the-Art Review on Performance and Potential

Kaushal Sharma, Kiran Devi, Neeraj Saini — Fri, 06 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0800

The use of artificial lighting, particularly in urban areas, contributes to global warming and carbon footprints. Urban expansion is unregulated and unplanned in emerging nations. In the case of India, the urban community is the major consumer of electric power. The invention of Light-transmitting concrete (LTC) lets light pass through opaque concrete and lowers the energy needed for the structures to use. LTC is a sustainable construction material incorporating basic ingredients of concrete in addition to a light-transmitting material such as optical fibre, resin, and glass. The present study investigated the application of light transmission materials like optical fibre, glass wastes, resin, etc., in the concrete. The previous studies have examined the various characteristics of light transmitting concrete, including mechanical properties, light transmittance, energy saving, etc. This article covered the several uses of light transmitting concrete as well as the performance comparison of various other types of materials employed for light transmittance characteristics. It was found that the plastic optical fibre at 1.25% had the highest compressive strength of LTC. The light transmission and thermal insulation properties of resin translucent cement mortar increase interior temperatures by approximately 3°C, resulting in a 20% reduction in discomfort time and a similar decrease in overall energy consumption. LTC was found to be a sustainable solution for the problem of electricity consumption for artificial lighting in residential as well as commercial spaces. Results show that the addition of optical fibre up to a certain percentage in LTC improved compressive strength and light transmittance characteristics.