Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences

Building Sustainable Indicators for Mangrove Forests Based on a Survey to Determine Forest Erosion in the Southwestern Sea of Vietnam

Mo Danh — 2025-08-14

The increased erosion of mangrove forests has alarmed the government about the damage to both the economy and livelihoods. To evaluated forest and land erosion the coast. Based on survey data is divided into five levels (F1: no erosion; F2: little erosion; F3: moderate erosion; F4: high erosion; F5: strong erosion), and ecological conditions, the coast is divided into sub-regions for investigation. From the surveyed indicators at each erosion level, forest structure is analyzed for comparison. The erosion level is defined as an erosion function (Er) from 1 to 5 (+), where (1) parameters include the number of trees per hectare (Ntr/ha), height to top (Ht), trunk diameter at 1.3 m (D1.3), tree canopy diameter (Dc), and width of the forest range (Wf); (2) land erosion is a function (Erl = Erlte + Erlsa + Erlsi + Erlcl), with parameters including erosion by terrain (Erlte), sand (Erlsa), silt (Erlsi), and clay (Erlcl); and (3) climate change leading to erosion is an inverse function (Cl) from 1 to 5 (–), with parameters including erosion by rainfall (Clra), wind (Clwi), waves (Clwa), and tide (Clti). The resulting function output is Er = (Erf + Erl)–Cl. On eroded forest land, species were tested under climate change conditions and their growth in the next rainy season to assess survival rates affected by rainfall, waves, wind, and tides. These results help to plan planting mangrove forest anti-erosion models and construct a theoretical function of mangrove erosion and proposes restore forests using pioneer species.

Bioclimatic Emission Amplification: A New Paradigm in Climate Biosphere Feedback Dynamics

Naser Naser — 2025-08-14

This study introduces the Bioclimatic Emission Amplification Theory (BEAT), a novel framework for detecting and forecasting how terrestrial ecosystems, particularly the Amazon Basin, transition from being carbon sinks to becoming carbon sources under compounded bioclimatic stress. BEAT synthesizes satellite-derived data from 2001 to 2022 and integrates temperature anomalies, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), fire activity, and vegetation degradation into a Compound Stress Index (CSI). Methodologically, the study applies piecewise regression, changepoint analysis, and early warning signal (EWS) metrics, including rolling variance and lag-1 autocorrelation, to identify nonlinear emission tipping points and ecological resilience loss. Machine learning models such as XGBoost and SHAP were employed to evaluate the predictive relevance of CSI components and enhance model interpretability. Results reveal a critical CSI threshold (≥ 0.6), beyond which Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) exhibits abrupt positive anomalies, indicating carbon emission amplification. EWS metrics significantly increased prior to emission spikes, validating BEAT’s predictive capacity for ecological destabilization. In addition, spatial clustering and time-lagged correlation analysis confirmed the alignment between compound stress hotspots and emission anomalies, and when compared to traditional Earth System Models (ESMs), BEAT uniquely captures synergistic stress interactions and nonlinearity. The findings underscore BEAT’s potential to improve early warning systems, REDD+ monitoring frameworks, and climate adaptation planning. Its scalable design enables application across vulnerable biomes globally and offers a transformative tool for anticipating biosphere-climate tipping points and informing proactive ecosystem governance.

Interactions Between Heavy Metals and Microplastics in Surface Marine Sediments, Chanthaburi River Mouth, Eastern Gulf of Thailand

Jakkapan Potipat — 2025-08-27

Sediment quality in global estuaries was reported by assessing the degree of anthropogenic input and the corresponding ecological risks. This research intended to categorize the quantities of marine pollution at the mouth of the Chanthaburi River, on the Eastern Gulf of Thailand, by examining the interactions amongst the heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn) and microplastics (MPs) in surface marine sediments. Marine pollution severity was classified using the Geo-accumulation Index (I_geo), Sediment Enrichment Factor (SEF), and Pollution Load Index (PLI). Spatial distribution of pollutants and geostatistical covariance were examined via Geographic Information System (GIS) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The average concentrations determined in sediment samples were as follows: Pb, 0.369 ± 0.022 ppm; Cd, 0.0042 ± 0.0004 ppm; Cu, 5.424 ± 0.007 ppm; Zn, 33.756 ± 0.182 ppm; and microplastics, 1.36 ± 0.06 particles/g. All metal levels were below the WASV, CCV, and TRV reference thresholds. I_geo and SEF indicated that Zn was moderately accumulated with minor enrichment, while other metals were unpolluted. PCA explained 90.85% of the variance, mainly reflecting Zn accumulation in downstream sites. We also found an inconspicuous correlation between heavy metals and MPs, which may be caused by distinct sources, physicochemical properties, and potential biological synergistic effects that remain unclear. A key originality of this study lies in the integration of GIS-based spatial interpolation with the PLI data to visualize and distinguish site-specific accumulation zones. The study did not assess biological uptake or biomarkers, limiting insight into actual bioavailability and toxicity to marine species. These findings provide spatially explicit evidence for targeted estuarine management and highlight the need for future studies on bioavailability and ecological risks.

Solvent-Driven Fractional Crystallization Applied to the Desalination of a Concentrated Wastewater by Reverse Osmosis

Edgar Vásquez — 2025-08-04

This paper reports the efficiency of the solvent-driven fractional crystallization (SDFC) process using ethanol, also known as antisolvent crystallization, in the treatment of a concentrated wastewater by reverse osmosis (RO). This experiment evaluated the effects of varying the volumetric mixing ratio of ethanol-to-RO concentrate, in conjunction with the incorporation of Ca(OH)₂, on the efficiency of magnesium and boron removal. The incorporation of Ca(OH)₂resulted in an enhancement of the reduction of magnesium and boron concentrations at a mixing ratio of 85:15 (v/v) and a pH of 12. In these conditions, the removal efficiencies achieved for magnesium and boron were 98.64% and 90.82%, respectively. The findings indicate that Ca(OH)₂has a significant impact on enhancing the removal efficiencies of these elements. The RO concentrated wastewater used in this experiment exhibited a salinity of 50,497.200 ppm prior to the SDFC test. The experimental results also showed a 48.10% reduction in salinity and 28.10% salt precipitation at the maximum mixing ratio and pH level examined. The tested process demonstrated significant reduction of scaling ions including calcium, magnesium, and sulfate. Similar behavior was observed for arsenic and manganese. Moderate removal efficiencies were observed for monovalent ions such as chloride, sodium, and potassium. However, the process was no effective for iron and lithium, which showed low removal efficiencies. Based on the results obtained, SDFC technology is seen as a promising technological option for application in the treatment of complex mining wastewaters.

Development of Multigeneration Waste-to-Zero System Using ORC, Sorption, and Drying-Based CCHP

Chanansith Suvarnabol — 2025-08-19

This work investigates a combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) generation system utilizing waste energy. A cascade-CCHP system is developed, consisting of a 23.65-kW_e organic Rankine cycle (ORC), a 4.00-kW adsorption chiller, a 4.11-kW absorption chiller, a 15.99-kW drying room, and an incinerator of 150 kg/h. A net energy production of 36.08 kWh is achieved from a CCHP energy efficiency of 9.98%. The levelized cost for producing a total energy output of 2,020,592 kWh over a lifespan of 20 years is approximately 0.106 USD/kWh. The life cycle assessment (LCA) yields a single score of approximately 0.000151 Pt, mainly attributed to raw materials used in the construction process of 87.16%. In addition, the combustion ash is processed into concrete blocks measuring 39 cm ´ 19 cm ´ 7 cm, in accordance with the Industrial Product Standard (TIS) 58-2533, with a water absorption value below 5% and a compressive strength exceeding 25 kg/cm². The CCHP system demonstrates a novel method of waste-to-energy (WtE), and the construction material from waste combustion ash can also support a new concept of waste-to-zero (WtZ).

Spatial Agency as an Alternative Approach to Indigenous Tactical Urban Design: A Case Study of the Open-Air Lab

Fatah Bakour — 2025-08-14

Climate crises necessitate adaptive, cost-effective, and community-driven strategies to enhance urban resilience. Tactical urban design, which includes temporary and experimental interventions, is becoming increasingly vital, particularly in indigenous contexts. This study explores the spatial agency approach within tactical urbanism, emphasizing low-technology techniques, indigenous knowledge, and decentralized design as active elements in transforming public spaces. It aims to review recent trends and alternative tactical strategies in indigenous settings while identifying the attributes and mechanisms that contribute to the creation of sustainable public spaces through spatial agency. Employing an interpretive qualitative methodology that includes case studies and content analysis, the research focuses on the Open-Air Lab in Dakar, Senegal (Codesign Lab, Paolo Cascone). This project, a small-scale public infrastructure initiative born from participatory design, exemplifies a hybrid model that combines traditional craftsmanship, low-tech digital fabrication, and environmentally conscious solutions. The findings indicate that framing spatial agency as an actor-network process brings marginalized actors and practices to the forefront, fostering empowerment, social synergy, and climate-responsive design. The study advocates for a shift in tactical urban design from ephemeral placemaking toward long-term, adaptive strategies grounded in local materiality, community engagement, knowledge systems, and decentralized networks. These insights reshape the understanding of urban adaptability and provide practical guidance for architects and planners aiming to create inclusive, climate-resilient public spaces in indigenous and Global South contexts.

Environmental Awareness, Satisfaction, and Protection Intentions in Vietnam: The Role of Social Responsibility

Le Thi Cam Tu — 2025-08-28

This study examines the relationship between ecological awareness, satisfaction, and the intention to participate in environmental protection in Vietnam, focusing on the mediating role of satisfaction and the moderating effects of social responsibility and ecological knowledge. While ecological awareness is a key driver of pro-environmental behavior, prior research shows that awareness alone does not always translate into concrete actions. To address this issue, we explore how satisfaction with environmental conditions strengthens the awareness–intention link and how personal responsibility and knowledge further enhance this process. Survey data were collected from 4,615 participants across six provinces, representing diverse ecological and socio-economic contexts. Structural equation modeling (SEM) results indicate that ecological awareness positively influences pro-environmental intention, but this effect is significantly stronger when individuals report higher levels of satisfaction. Satisfaction serves as a central mediator, showing that awareness must be complemented by confidence and trust in environmental outcomes to stimulate behavioral commitment. In addition, social responsibility and ecological knowledge moderate these relationships: individuals with greater responsibility and knowledge demonstrate stronger connections between awareness, satisfaction, and intention. The findings contribute to environmental psychology by emphasizing the interaction of cognitive, affective, and normative factors in shaping ecological behavior. For policymakers, the results highlight the need to design interventions that go beyond awareness-raising. Building satisfaction with environmental policies, fostering a sense of responsibility, and strengthening ecological knowledge are crucial for promoting sustainable behaviors and encouraging active citizen participation in environmental protection in Vietnam.

Drone-Based IoT Monitoring of Urban CO₂ Levels in Makassar: Spatio-Temporal Analysis Across Varying Heights

Putri Ida Sunaryathy Samad — 2025-08-28

Urban air quality degradation from rising CO₂ is acute in rapidly developing tropical cities such as Makassar, Indonesia. We deploy a drone-based Internet of Things (IoT) platform for real-time CO₂ monitoring, integrating low-cost sensors (NDIR, MQ135, MG811) on a DJI Phantom 4 with cloud streaming to Firebase. Measurements were collected at five sites, namely Jl. AP. Pettarani, Jl. Ahmad Yani, Jl. Sultan Hasanuddin, Jl. Nusantara, and KIMA at 08:00, 12:00, and 16:00 in September 2024 while vertically profiling 1–20 m with three repeat flights per site and time. Descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD assessed spatio-temporal differences; Pearson correlation quantified cross-sensor agreement. Results show marked spatial and diurnal variability: Jl. AP. Pettarani exhibits the highest mean concentration (442.5 ppm), likely due to flyover-induced trapping, whereas Jl. Ahmad Yani records the lowest (390.0 ppm). Vertical profiles reveal mid-altitude peaks in street-canyon and industrial settings, and dilution with height in greener areas, indicating ventilation contrasts. Preprocessing removed outliers and applied temperature-humidity corrections to low-cost sensors. Differences across locations and times are statistically significant (p < 0.05), and cross-sensor correlations are strong (r ≈ 0.88–0.96) after correction. Compared with fixed ground stations, the system provides fine-scale three-dimensional coverage and real-time visualization useful for field decisions. Limitations include payload-constrained endurance and intermittent data loss in obstructed areas. Findings support targeted interventions, improving canyon ventilation around flyovers and expanding urban greenery relevant to Makassar and similar tropical cities.

Encouraging Thai Real Estate Developers Toward Net Zero: A Case Study on Factors Influencing Decision-Making in Net Zero Building Development

Pornraht Pongprasert — 2025-08-11

The concept of Net Zero Carbon Buildings, which aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, is essential in addressing climate change. However, the development of such buildings in Thailand faces significant challenges, including high construction costs, uncertain returns, and limited investment incentives. This study explores the factors influencing real estate developers' decisions to pursue Net Zero Carbon Buildings in Thailand, with a focus on physical, financial, and policy-related elements. Data collection was done with 388 respondents who are stakeholders, including developers, consultants, designers, and sustainability experts, through an online questionnaire, and analyzed using Multiple Regression Analysis. The independent variables in the analytical model consist of three groups of factors: physical buildings, climate finance, and climate policy. The results indicate that physical building factors, including building age, engineering systems, and design; climate finance factors, such as project cost increases, financial returns, and investment incentives; and climate policy factors, including government policies, international climate agreements, and carbon taxes, significantly influence development decisions. Government policies, building engineering systems, and financial incentives were identified as key positive drivers for investment, while carbon taxes and energy efficiency-focused designs were found to potentially discourage investment due to higher costs. The study concludes that substantial government support such as tax incentives, grants, and low-interest financing is critical to fostering investment in Net Zero Carbon Buildings. Additionally, raising awareness among developers and the private sector about the long-term benefits of these projects is essential to strengthening investment incentives.

Strengthening Marine Resource Governance: Tackling IUU Fishing in Taiwan Through Circular Economy and Regulatory Innovation

Yi-Che Shih — 2025-08-27

This study examines Taiwan’s multifaceted efforts to reduce the environmental impacts of illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing, a challenge that gained urgency following the European Union’s yellow card warning. Central reforms—including gear tagging initiatives, buy-back programs, and strengthened enforcement mechanisms—aim to address illegal catches, gear laundering, and fleet overcapacity while simultaneously promoting circular economy principles in fisheries governance. The research employs Fisheries Agency data (2022–2024) on gear tagging, returns, recovered volumes, and recycling rates, combined with stakeholder interviews and market analysis of recycled fishing gear materials, to highlight the complex relationship between IUU practices and abandoned, lost, or discarded fishing gear (ALDFG). A “follow-the-plastic” methodology, adapted from waste-tracing studies, is introduced to trace gear throughout its lifecycle from production to disposal, identifying leakage points linked to IUU activities. Policy effectiveness is critically evaluated, revealing persistent regulatory gaps, weak market incentives for recycling, and barriers to private-sector participation. The study proposes a conceptual framework that demonstrates how circular economy strategies can complement traditional enforcement by reducing gear loss, enhancing traceability, and improving compliance. Findings emphasize that international cooperation, adaptive governance, and local community engagement are essential to achieving sustainable fisheries. Taiwan’s experience suggests that coupling IUU enforcement with circular economy innovations provides a practical pathway to reduce ALDFG, strengthen marine biodiversity conservation, and foster environmentally sustainable resource use. The study concludes that integrated governance, combining legal enforcement with economic and social instruments, is vital for long-term marine ecosystem protection and resilience.

Assessment of Quicklime and Aluminum Sulfate for pH Neutralization and Organic Matter Reduction in Dug Well Water in Jongaya, Indonesia

Ronny — 2025-08-25

Dug well water in the working area of the Jongaya Community Health Center often fails to meet clean water quality standards due to low pH (6.1) and high organic matter content (14 mg/L), exceeding the limits set by Indonesian Ministry of Health Regulation No. 32 of 2017, which poses a risk of digestive disorders and skin diseases. Addressing this gap, this study evaluates the effectiveness of quicklime (CaO) and aluminum sulfate [Al₂(SO₄)₃] in improving dug well water quality through a quasi-experimental pretest–posttest control group design. Water samples were purposively collected from contaminated wells and treated using quicklime, aluminum sulfate, and their combination at doses of 1 g, 10 g, and 20 g, each replicated three times, with pH and organic matter content measured before and after treatment and analyzed using a paired t-test. Results showed that 1 g of CaO significantly increased pH from 6.1 to 7.88 (p < 0.05), meeting the clean water quality threshold (≥ 6.5), while 20 g of Al₂(SO₄)₃ reduced organic matter content from 170.91 mg/L to 126.11 mg/L, and the combined treatment achieved the best outcome, with a 46.75% reduction in organic matter and a pH increase to 8.63, both meeting standards. All treatments were statistically significant (p < 0.05), indicating that CaO and Al₂(SO₄)₃ are effective for improving dug well water quality in at-risk communities. The findings highlight the urgency of promoting proper application and optimal dosing, supported by long-term monitoring, and provide novel evidence on the combined use of these chemicals for addressing a local public health challenge.

Enhancing Smallholder Aquaculture in Philippine Peatlands: Challenges, Opportunities, and Nature-Based Solutions in the Leyte Sab-a Basin

Libertine Agatha Densing — 2025-08-19

This study explores the status, challenges, and opportunities of smallholder aquaculture in the Leyte Sab-a Basin Peatland (LSBP), with a particular focus on the application of Nature-Based Solutions (NbS) for sustainable management. Using a mixed-methods approach that combines a comprehensive literature review with a focus group discussion (FGD) involving 22 local practitioners, the study identifies both traditional practices—such as bamboo pond structures and the use of Kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica) and Azolla as fish feed—and key constraints to productivity. These include environmental vulnerabilities (e.g., declining water quality, climate variability), technical limitations (e.g., disease risks, lack of fingerlings), and socio-economic barriers (e.g., limited market access, financial insecurity, and gender inequality). While most smallholders are unfamiliar with formal NbS frameworks, their current practices already reflect ecological principles aligned with NbS. The study further highlights the socio-economic significance of aquaculture as both a livelihood resource and a contributor to food security in rural peatland communities. Linking traditional knowledge with scientifically guided NbS—such as Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), aquaponics, and biofiltration systems—can enhance ecosystem resilience and livelihood security. In addition, strengthening gender-inclusive participation and providing equitable access to training and financial support are critical to improving resilience. This study concludes that targeted capacity-building, financial support mechanisms, and multi-stakeholder partnerships are needed to facilitate inclusive, sustainable, and climate-resilient aquaculture systems in peatland environments. Beyond addressing immediate livelihood changes, these strategies also contribute to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem restoration, and climate adaptation in fragile wetland landscapes.

Enhancing Connectivity via GIS-Based Bike-Sharing Optimization in Kigali City, Rwanda

Jean Marie Vianney Ntamwiza — 2025-08-20

Promoting sustainable mobility and understanding travel demand are critical for rapidly growing cities like Kigali. This research aims to address limitations of traditional transport models by integrating geospatial analysis to support multimodal planning and optimize bike-sharing infrastructure. The study combines the Four-Step Transport Model with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to enhance spatial disaggregation and identify optimal bike-sharing station locations. It incorporates shortest-path analysis and accounts for topography, road networks, population density, and land use. A household survey of 1377 residents was conducted to validate the model output. High trip generation zones were found in Nyamirambo and Kinyinya, while Nyarugenge, Remera, and Kimironko emerged as strong trip attraction areas. Congestion hotspots were identified at the Muhima, Remera, and Nyabugogo intersections. GIS analysis revealed high biking potential in Kinyinya, Kimironko, and Gatsata, aligning with survey responses. The study proposes 187 new bike-sharing stations in high-priority congestion zones and integrates 19 existing stations to strengthen multimodal connectivity, along with a first and last mile solution. Additionally, 15 key employment and service zones covering 67 km were identified to support efficient travel routes. By reducing the need for petrol-engine vehicle rebalancing, the optimized bike-sharing network supports environmental sustainability in the city. The integration of GIS and transport modeling offers a scalable, evidence-based framework for active mobility planning in Kigali and other Sub-Saharan cities in similar conditions to Kigali city in Rwanda.

The Impact of Bio-Inoculum and Organic Matter on the Sustainability of Micronutrient Levels in Silty Clay Loam Soil Wheat Cultivation

Ahmed M. Al-Zayadi — 2025-08-28

A field experiment was conducted on silty clay loam soil cultivated with wheat to evaluate the effects of bio-inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae and poultry manure on soil micronutrient concentrations. Treatments included fungal inoculum alone, poultry manure alone, their combination, and a control, arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The combined application of fungal inoculum and poultry manure significantly increased total concentrations of iron, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, copper, and boron in bulk soil to 5890.4, 390.5, 36.5, 1.6, 23.1, and 2.0 mg kg⁻¹, representing increases of 13%, 20.3%, 32.2%, 84%, 23.5%, and 175% over the control. In the rhizosphere, these elements reached 5650.8, 380.7, 33.2, 3.8, 21.4, and 3.5 mg kg⁻¹, with increases of 9.5%, 26.4%, 29.6%, 92%, 38.9%, and 90.1%. Available concentrations in bulk soil rose to 15.3, 10.6, 1.4, 0.4, 0.47, and 1.2 mg kg⁻¹, corresponding to increases of 51.6%, 83%, 42%, 92.5%, 65.9%, and 36.1%, while in the rhizosphere, available values reached 16.2, 11.7, 1.9, 0.7, 0.7, and 1.6 mg kg⁻¹, reflecting increases of 55%, 30%, 35.4%, 90%, 128%, and 93.7%, respectively. These enhancements are attributed to the synergistic effects of microbial activity, organic matter decomposition, and organic acid release, which improved nutrient solubility and accessibility in the root zone. The findings indicate that integrating Glomus mosseae inoculation with poultry manure is an effective and sustainable strategy to improve soil fertility, increase micronutrient availability, and enhance plant nutrient uptake, providing a practical recommendation for boosting wheat productivity while reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers.

Statistical Analysis of Drivers of Environmental Education and Climate Resilience Through School-Based Environmental Clubs: A Case Study from Morocco

Amine Hmid — 2025-08-19

Environmental education is gaining increasing recognition in Morocco as a fundamental pillar for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Within this context, school-based environmental clubs play a crucial role in promoting awareness and building climate resilience among students at various educational levels. These clubs serve not only as platforms for ecological engagement but also as practical tools for embedding sustainability into everyday learning. This study explores the main factors that influence the creation, activation, and effectiveness of environmental clubs in Moroccan schools. Relying on a quantitative survey conducted with 42 respondents, including both teachers and school administrators, the research highlights several key enablers. Among the most significant are access to adequate training in environmental education, the presence of strong institutional support, and the availability of sufficient resources. The analysis uses descriptive statistics, chi-square testing, and a Weighted Average Index to better understand the relationships between these variables. Findings reveal a strong correlation between environmental training and the initiation of clubs, although this does not always translate into high levels of student engagement. The main obstacles identified include insufficient time, lack of funding, and a shortage of appropriate educational materials. In conclusion, the study emphasizes the importance of expanding training initiatives, dedicating specific time within school schedules, and improving access to materials. These steps are essential to fully integrate environmental clubs into the Moroccan educational system and to enhance their overall impact.

Carbon Footprint of the National University of Juliaca: Establishing a Baseline for Future Management in an Emerging and Developing Institution

Godofredo Huanca-Chambi — 2025-08-13

This study aimed to quantify the carbon footprint of the National University of Juliaca (UNAJ) for the year 2023, in order to identify the main sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and provide a foundation for implementing sustainable policies. The methodology was based on the greenhouse gas inventory approach outlined in ISO 14064-1, applying the operational control method to measure both direct and indirect emissions. Data on energy consumption, transportation, and purchased goods and services were collected using digital tools and surveys, and emissions were calculated in metric tons of CO₂ equivalent (tCO₂e). The results indicate that UNAJ’s total carbon footprint in 2023 was 1,461.03 tCO₂e, with per capita emissions of 0.47 tCO₂e per person. The main sources of emissions were transportation, accounting for 75.88% of total emissions, followed by the consumption of goods and services (14.29%) and energy use (5.12%). Despite limitations in solid waste management, the study makes a valuable contribution to the development of sustainability strategies, emphasizing the urgent need for sustainable mobility policies, energy efficiency measures, and the adoption of responsible procurement practices. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of achieving carbon neutrality at UNAJ as a key objective in mitigating its environmental impact. The findings provide relevant insights from the Peruvian context and offer a basis for analyzing emissions at local universities, with practical implications for enhancing environmental management in higher education institutions.

Radiation Pollution and Public Health Impacts in Mailuu-Suu, Kyrgyzstan

Altynai Duishoevna Egemberdieva — 2025-08-29

This study investigates the critical issue of radiation contamination in Mailuu-Suu, Kyrgyzstan, a legacy of extensive uranium mining and milling operations during the Soviet era. The research centers on the environmental behavior and health impacts of radon-222 and associated radionuclides emanating from uranium mill tailings. A comprehensive year-long indoor radon monitoring program (July 2001–July 2002) revealed radon concentrations that substantially exceeded the national Radiation Safety Standards (RSS-96), posing serious health risks to local populations. Approximately 1.9 million cubic meters of uranium mill tailings, distributed across multiple unsecured waste dumps, were assessed for their radiological burden. While precise activity levels remain undocumented, it is estimated that these tailings represent tens of thousands of tonnes of radioactive material. Based on typical uranium ore residue densities and grades, this volume could contain over 3–5 million tonnes of material, with estimated activities ranging from 10¹³ to 10¹⁵ becquerels, depending on radionuclide composition. Epidemiological data indicate elevated rates of cancer, respiratory illnesses, and congenital anomalies, particularly among vulnerable groups such as children, pregnant women, and the elderly. The findings highlight an urgent need for targeted environmental remediation, continuous radiological surveillance, and public health strategies to mitigate long-term risks and enhance ecological and human safety in the region.

Development of a DEM in the GIS “PANORAMA” Based on a Topographic Map for the Southern Territory of the Fergana Valley

Dinara Abzhaparova — 2025-08-05

The capabilities of GIS for constructing a digital elevation model of a mountainous area and visualizing a spatial image of the terrain are given in this paper. Graphic, digital data and topographic maps, which are the main sources for GIS, are described. The methods of vectorization of isolines and the requirements for technical means of processing graphic materials are presented in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of the DEM of a mountainous region are shown here. Segmentation methods using an interpolation polynomial are described in detail. A DEM of the mountainous area where the border between the republics runs was constructed in 2D and 3D formats using the GIS Panorama. Reducing the chord length when segmenting isolines on topographic maps leads to more accurate DEM construction. A vertical profile of a mountainous area with a visibility zone between two points was constructed. It is expected that the improved latitude, longitude and altitude parameters of the topographic map will be used to form a regional geodetic network and geospatial analysis of mountain ranges. It is proposed to use not only satellite data, but also classical geodetic networks and maps. It is recommended to use satellite and aerial photography to clarify the topographic and geodetic support of the studied area.

Impact of Global Warming on Water Cycle Changes in the Western Himalaya: A Review

Yiwen Yao — 2025-08-26

The Western Himalaya, often termed the "Water Tower of Asia," is experiencing critical hydrological changes due to global warming. This review synthesizes current scientific knowledge on climate-driven alterations in the region’s water cycle, assessing impacts on ecosystems, agriculture, energy security, and local livelihoods. We conducted a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed studies (2000–2024) from Scopus, Web of Science, and regional databases, supplemented by case studies and observational/modeling data. Key themes include cryospheric loss, shifting precipitation, river flow variability, and hydrological extremes. Key findings indicate that (1) temperature increases (0.2–0.5°C/decade) have accelerated glacier retreat (up to 20–30% mass loss in some basins) and reduced snow cover (5–15% decline since 2000); (2) altered precipitation patterns have increased rainfall dominance, elevating flood risks while reducing groundwater recharge in arid zones; and (3) river discharge shows declining dry-season flows but higher peak flows, threatening water security for over 200 million downstream inhabitants. These findings underscore the urgent need for integrated, cross-scale strategies combining scientific innovation, indigenous knowledge, and adaptive policies to enhance resilience. We highlight critical gaps in high-altitude monitoring and call for transboundary cooperation to mitigate escalating climate risks. This systematic review uniquely contrasts Western Himalayan hydrology with that of the Central and Eastern regions and benchmarks policy gaps, offering a roadmap for climate-resilient water governance.

Research Progress in Marine Environmental Monitoring Technology

Botao Xie — 2025-08-29

Marine environmental monitoring and data platform technology plays a pivotal role in advancing marine scientific research, sustainable resource development, ecological conservation, and the effective utilization of ocean resources. Despite its growing importance in addressing global environmental and economic challenges, a comprehensive and systematic review of recent advancements in this field remains lacking. To address this gap, this paper synthesizes and analyzes academic literature published between 2021 and 2025, sourced from reputable databases including Scopus and Web of Science, while adhering to the PRISMA systematic review standards. It delineates core technologies employed in marine environmental monitoring, such as advanced sensor systems, robust data acquisition and transmission methods, and innovative data processing and analysis techniques. Furthermore, the study examines the architectural functionalities, data sharing mechanisms, and interoperability standards that underpin modern marine data platforms. The paper also addresses critical technical challenges encountered in deep-water monitoring operations, including equipment durability under extreme conditions, significant economic constraints, data management complexities, and emerging privacy and security concerns. Finally, future development trajectories are outlined, emphasizing the transformative potential of novel materials and artificial intelligence (AI) in enhancing deep-water monitoring capabilities, alongside the urgent need for strengthened global collaboration to improve data sharing protocols and management frameworks. Collectively, the continuous evolution of marine monitoring technologies promises to provide increasingly intelligent, integrated, and systematic support for global marine protection efforts and sustainable resource stewardship.

Challenges in Sustainable Forest Ecosystems: Interconnections Between Climate Change and Forest Diseases: A Systematic Review

Ahmad Syihan Mat Udin — 2025-08-21

Climate change has profoundly affected forests worldwide, contributing to increased pathogen invasions and the proliferation of forest diseases. This article presents a systematic review that investigates the intricate relationship between climate change and the prevalence of forest diseases. The study identifies climate-related factors that drive the rising incidence of these diseases. Following the PRISMA guidelines, 77 studies were selected and analyzed from a pool of 3,510 articles, focusing on their spatial and temporal patterns, contextual drivers, and linkages to climate change. The findings underscore the critical role of extended drought periods and rising temperatures as key factors exacerbating forest disease outbreaks. This review highlights the pressing need for sustainable forest management practices to counteract the adverse impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems. By identifying critical climate drivers and ecological vulnerabilities, this research provides a foundation for adaptive silviculture and pathogen management strategies.

Recent Advances in Groundwater Vulnerability and Risk Assessment Using Hydrogeochemical Parameters

Majang Irene Mokgadi — 2025-08-22

Groundwater is critical for supplying drinking water to billions of people worldwide. However, their excessive permeability makes them more vulnerable to retaining and spreading contamination. Assessing groundwater vulnerability is crucial for sustainable management, as it aids in reducing the risks associated with contamination of this valuable resource. As a result, the primary aim of this paper is to critically review and synthesize recent advances in groundwater vulnerability and risk assessment using hydrogeochemical parameters. A summary of groundwater contamination, sources, and consequences is presented. Information on hydrogeochemical factors and groundwater vulnerability is summarised. A review of the most commonly used groundwater vulnerability assessment methods is covered. It also covers the assessment of groundwater vulnerability using hydrogeochemical parameters and statistical approaches. Furthermore, these approaches are supported by global case studies. Finally, the limitations, conclusion, and future recommendations are presented. It can be concluded that integrating hydrogeochemical parameters with groundwater vulnerability models is an effective method for assessing the risk of groundwater contamination and developing management plans. Researchers in the fields of health, earth sciences, environmental studies, and water sciences will find this comprehensive review to be a valuable reference, as it offers an in-depth understanding of the current knowledge on the integration of hydrogeochemical parameters in groundwater vulnerability and risk assessment studies.

Biomass for a Circular Economy from Traditional Sectors: Mini Review

Azwifunimunwe Tshikovhi — 2025-08-25

Sustainable alternatives have grown more prevalent due to an urgent need to address climate change, environmental degradation, and the depletion of non-renewable resources. As an inexhaustible and renewable resource, biomass has become an attractive option for energy production within the framework of a circular economy that emphasizes resource efficiency and environmental sustainability. Various kinds and sources of biomass, from forestry waste and agricultural residue to animal dung and microalgae, are fully explored in this mini review, along with their potential for biofuel production in both developed and developing countries. The processes for thermochemical and biochemical conversion, the sustainability of using biomass, and the socioeconomic advantages, especially for African countries, are highlighted. Key case studies demonstrating the value and potential of biomass waste in promoting sustainable energy transitions worldwide are also discussed in this review. Despite its potential, the use of biomass is restricted due to challenges including low conversion efficiency, high transportation costs, seasonal variability, and insufficient advancements in technology. Nonetheless, biomass offers an innovative approach for developing an environmentally friendly, efficient, and low-carbon economy that promotes sustainable development and energy security. Holistic approaches, such as increased regional cooperation, capacity building, technical innovation, and policy reform, must be implemented to address existing challenges.

Mapping Research Trends in Green Packaging: A Bibliometric Review (2000–2023)

Lyu Jun — 2025-08-18

With over 141 million tons of packaging waste generated globally each year and limited recycling efficiency, packaging pollution has become a pressing environmental issue, driving increased scholarly interest in green packaging. However, existing studies have primarily focused on individual domains, lacking a systematic and comprehensive review, which restricts interdisciplinary integration and obscures overarching trends and gaps. To address this, we conducted a bibliometric analysis of green packaging research using CiteSpace and VOSviewer, drawing on peer-reviewed English-language articles published between 2000 and 2023 in the Web of Science Core Collection. The analysis examined collaboration networks, co-citation patterns, and keyword co-occurrence trends. Results reveal significant growth in publications since 2018, with research spanning environmental science, food technology, and business, alongside increasing interdisciplinary integration. Collaboration networks are particularly strong within China and Malaysia, though international collaboration remains limited, while co-citation analysis highlights high-impact work on material performance, consumer behavior, and supply chain strategies, with life cycle assessment emerging as the most widely applied analytical tool. This study synthesizes the current knowledge framework, identifies key trends and challenges, and outlines future research directions—including consumer payment behavior, corporate sustainability strategies, and the development of innovative packaging materials—providing strategic guidance for advancing green packaging research.