Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences

Hydrological Regime Variability between the Tien and Hau Rivers under the Impact of Anthropogenic Activities and Climate Change

Nguyen Dam Quoc Huy, Tran Thi Kim, Dang Truong An — Wed, 23 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

The distribution of flow discharge between the Tien and Hau Rivers in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) plays an important role in Vietnam’s agricultural and aquaculture production activities. However, recent variations in water levels and flow patterns, driven by both human activities and climate change (CC), have posed significant challenges for water resource management. This study evaluates the impacts of unsustainable exploitation and CC on the hydrological regime of the Tien and Hau Rivers using non-parametric statistical methods. Long-term water level data (1978–2023) from Tan Chau, Chau Doc, and Vam Nao observation stations were analyzed using the Mann-Kendall test (MK), Sen’s Slope (SS) estimator, and Pettitt’s test to detect trends, quantify change magnitudes, and identify abrupt shifts. The results indicate a significant decline in flood-season water levels, with annual decrease rates ranging from 41.5 to 72.9 mm in September and November. Conversely, a slight increasing trend in water levels was observed in the dry season (DS) during the studied time. Additionally, findings reveal that the upstream Tien River exerts greater control over the hydrological regime in the Vam Nao River. These insights contribute to disaster risk assessment, sustainable water resource planning, and ecological risk evaluation. Furthermore, the results contribute to providing a foundation for applying hydrological and hydraulic models to forecast hydrodynamics, thereby supporting effective water management strategies and mitigating flood and dry risks in the VMD.

CO2 Emissions among Industrialized Countries amidst Climate Change: South Africa versus Other Selected BRICS Countries and the USA

Wed, 07 May 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Despite countries having signed agreements and developed policy to reduce CO₂ emissions, there is disproportionate compliance with the agreements, with developed countries continuing to be the largest emitters. The objective of this study was to compare the impact of South Africa’s population growth, economic growth, and fertilizer consumption on CO₂ emissions, with those of the US, China, and other BRICS countries. The study used panel data sourced from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators ranging from 1960 to 2023. Results of the fixed effects panel regression show that the coefficient of change for China’s population size (β = 9.156, p < 0.01) is the highest among the six countries. It is followed by the USA (β = 9.156, p < 0.05) and South Africa (β = 1.474, p < 0.01). The effects of GDP for China (β = 1.128, p < 0.01) on CO₂ emissions are the largest, followed by South Africa (β = 1.098, p < 0.01) and the USA in third place (β = 0.614, p < 0.05). These results show that South Africa is highly reliant on coal-based energy resources. As a policy recommendation, South Africa needs to diversify its energy mix and invest more in renewable energy resources.

Characteristics and Significance of Carbon and Oxygen Isotopic Compositions of the PTB Boundary in Haidai Section, Xuanwei Area of China

Chenming Liu, Demin Yang, Zhengqin Na — Tue, 06 May 2025 00:00:00 +0800

The End-Permian mass extinction (EPME), Earth's most severe biocrisis, occurred proximal to the Permian-Triassic Boundary (PTB), with marine ecosystems experiencing catastrophic collapse. This study employs stable carbon (δ¹³C) and oxygen isotopes from marine carbonates in the Haidai Section (Xuanwei, northeastern Yunnan) to decipher paleoenvironmental drivers. The well-preserved stratigraphic sequence encompasses the Upper Permian (Yangxin and Xuanwei Formations) transitioning into the Lower Triassic (Feixianguan and Jialingjiang Formations), providing a continuous marine sedimentary archive. A marked negative δ¹³C excursion (-9.66‰ V-PDB) occurs at the PTB, initiating from +0.82‰ with subsequent gradual recovery. This geochemical signature correlates with: 90% reduction in primary productivity Biodiversity collapse exhibiting cluster extinction patterns Prolonged suppression of ecological recovery Concurrently, reconstructed seawater temperatures reveal extreme thermal fluctuations, surging from 23℃ to 32℃ at the PTB before precipitously declining to 16℃. These perturbations demonstrate coupled biogeochemical dynamics wherein: • Carbon cycle destabilization disrupted nutrient fluxes • Temperature oscillations exceeded marine taxa thermal tolerances • Synergistic environmental stresses amplified extinction selectivity The δ¹³C-temperature covariance (r²=0.085) establishes mechanistic linkages between physicochemical perturbations and biotic responses. Our findings demonstrate that the EPME was driven by positive feedback loops in which: Volcanic CO₂ emissions triggered carbonate saturation decline Thermal stratification exacerbated anoxia Biogeochemical cycling perturbations suppressed primary producers This integrated geochemical record from the Haidai Section provides critical insights into environment-organism coevolution during Phanerozoic Earth's most profound mass extinction.

Design and Effectiveness of Coastal Protection Structures: Case Studies and Modelling Approaches

Leo C. van Rijn — Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Beach groynes are structures for erosion protection along sandy coasts near inlets and can reduce the coastal erosion substantially, but open groynes cannot stop erosion completely because sand can be removed from the groyne compartments by cross-shore processes. Beach groynes should be designed with sufficient bypassing of sand to minimise erosion. Regular beach maintenance is required to keep a sufficient beach width for recreational purposes. The effectiveness of groyne compartments can be significantly improved by using T-head groynes or by using a submerged sill or breakwater in between the groynes. An economic evaluation shows that the beach maintenance costs over 50 years may be substantially higher than the construction costs of a submerged breakwater. An important parameter to be studied is the longshore transport, which requires detailed information of the wave climate, preferably based on measured data (offshore buoys) in combination with deep water wave modelling. Various models have been used to determine the net longshore sand transport and coastline changes. The design of groynes to reduce coastal erosion is illustrated by three field cases (Atlantic coast near Soulac, France; Lagos coast, Nigeria and Black Sea coast, Romania). These example cases show that beach groynes are effective structures, but sufficient bypassing of longshore sand transport is essential to minimise erosion. Regular beach fills in the groyne compartments may be required at high-energy (exposed) coasts. A submerged or emerged breakwater can be built between the groynes to protect the beach in the groyne compartments against erosion by cross-shore processes.

Climate Change’s Impact on Honeybee Distribution and Population, Habitats, Bioproducts, and Pest Threats as Protective of SDGs

Wed, 23 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Bees are essential to human life and ecosystems, significantly contributing to medicine, economics, and environmental equilibrium. Bees serve an essential function as pollinators, facilitating the cultivation of various fruits and vegetables. Bees contribute approximately 117 billion US dollars annually to the economy through their role in crop pollination. They have a direct impact on 35% of agricultural crops and 84% of cultivated plants. Bee products, including honey, propolis, and royal jelly, have been utilized in various traditional medicine practices across numerous countries. These substances have been utilized for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties. In addition to their economic, ecological, and medical significance, they serve as bioindicators for assessing the health of ecological systems by monitoring distribution and population dynamics. This offers important insights into the current situation, especially regarding the substantial impacts of climate change on the environment. This article seeks to synthesize data from various studies to examine the impact of climate change on bee populations and their habitats. This study illustrates the significant effects of future climate models for 2050 and 2070 on bee distribution, resulting in the decline of specific species populations.

Study of Chemical and Biological Indicators of Saline Pollution of the Coastal Lake Sidi Boughaba (Kenitra, Morocco)

Thu, 24 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

For around fifty years, the regression and degradation of wetlands were considered so worrying that they were the subject of an international Convention signed on 2 February 1971, in Iran (RAMSAR). This treaty aims to conserve wetlands meeting criteria of international importance through the notion of rational use of these spaces and their biodiversity. The national and even international value of Lake Sidi Boughaba (Kenitra, Morocco) lies in its biodiversity which allowed its inclusion on the Ramsar list in 1980. This importance motivated us to begin an ecological assessment of the level of its pollution through spatiotemporal monitoring and analysis of physicochemical tracers from surface waters at seven sampling stations between January and December 2023. The waters of Lake Sidi Boughaba are relatively basic (pH=8.63), cold (15.14°C), very hard (64 meq/L), quite turbid (7.65 NTU), very salty (1935.85 µs/cm) and well saturated with Calcium ions = 312; Magnesium = 605; Chlorides = 5892; Sulfates = 944; Silicates =26 (mg/l). Other elements including nitrates (1.29 mg/l), ammonium (1.56 mg/l), fluorides (410 µg/l), iron (350 µg/l) and manganese (35 µg/l) are low. This study concludes that Lake Sidi Boughaba is classified in the category of oligomesotrophic lakes and that it is too threatened by the progressive transformation of its fresh water into brackish water and consequently the change in its benthic and planktonic fauna necessary for food of avian fauna. The study further concludes that this wetland is under significant threat, and to protect its biodiversity, innovative approaches to hydrological development are necessary.

Banana Peel and Beyond: Transforming Agricultural Waste into Eco-Friendly, Biodegradable Plastics

Thu, 17 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

The management of agricultural wastes is essential for resource conservation and environmental sustainability. Due to escalating worries regarding plastic pollution and the surging expenses linked to petroleum-based plastics, there has been a notable transition towards the creation of biodegradable alternatives sourced from natural materials. Biofibres and bioplastics, especially those derived from agricultural waste, have garnered significant attention for their prospective uses in food packaging, biomedical sciences, and sustainable manufacturing. This study examines the viability of employing banana peel as a natural and environmentally sustainable raw material for the production of biodegradable bioplastic sheets. Due to its abundant polysaccharides and lignocellulosic fibers, banana peel presents advantageous structural and mechanical characteristics for bioplastic manufacturing. Experimental findings demonstrate that bioplastic derived from banana peels has enhanced biodegradability and environmental compatibility relative to traditional synthetic plastics, positioning it as a feasible alternative to mitigate the worldwide plastic waste epidemic. An optimal formulation was constructed using Design Expert software, comprising 55.38 g of banana peel, 27.63 g of fish scales, and 20 g of chitosan powder. This formulation improves the film’s tensile strength, flexibility, and degradation rate, ensuring its efficacy in industrial applications including food packaging and molding. The study’s results highlight the promise of bioplastics made from banana peels as an economical and sustainable alternative, decreasing dependence on petroleum-based plastics and alleviating environmental pollution.

Contribution of Granulometric Analyses to the Understanding of Wind Dynamics in the Figuig-Bouarfa Region (Eastern Morocco)

Tue, 06 May 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Morocco, like many arid countries, is facing desertification, particularly in its southern and southeastern regions. A clear indication of this process is the movement of sand dunes in the southern part of the country. Studying wind dynamics in this area provides insights into the conditions and processes driving desertification, including sand erosion, transport, and deposition. This study focuses on the dune sands in eastern Morocco, analyzing their granulometric properties to better understand transport mechanisms and wind dynamics in the region. Granulometric analysis was performed on various sand deposits to investigate aeolian transformations in the area. The results show that the sand deposits in the eastern region consist primarily of a well-sorted dominant granulometric fraction, along with a minor fraction. The sand grains range in size from very fine to medium (150 to 218.8 µm) and are classified as having good to fairly good sorting (36 to 114.2 µm). The grain size symmetry varies from weak to strong, with a range of –0.34 to 0, indicating a tendency toward either finer or coarser grains. The grain size distribution varies, ranging from platykurtic to very leptokurtic (0.7 to 2.15). The deposits display a unimodal distribution with a minor tail on both sides of the dominant mode, suggesting significant wind deflation. Five particle size classes were identified, reflecting the sands’ evolution under wind dynamics.

Comprehensive Utilization of Borehole AFET and Logging Method Detecting Goaf Area in Coal Mines

Zipeng Guo — Thu, 17 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

China, as the world's largest coal producer and consumer, faces increasingly severe challenges from coal mine goaf areas formed through decades of intensive mining. These underground voids, resulting from exhausted resources or technical limitations, not only cause environmental issues like land subsidence and groundwater contamination but also pose critical safety risks for ongoing mining operations, including water inrushes, gas outbursts, and roof collapses. Conventional geophysical methods such as seismic surveys and electromagnetic detection demonstrate limited effectiveness in complex geological conditions due to susceptibility to electrical heterogeneity, electromagnetic interference, and interpretation ambiguities.This study presents an innovative integrated approach combining the Audio-Frequency Electrical Transillumination (AFET) method with multi-parameter borehole logging to establish a three-dimensional detection system. The AFET technique employs 0.1-10 kHz electromagnetic waves to identify electrical anomalies associated with goafs, enabling extensive horizontal scanning. This is complemented by vertical high-resolution profiling through borehole measurements of resistivity, spontaneous potential, and acoustic velocity. Field applications in Shanxi Province's typical coal mines achieved breakthrough results: Using a grid-drilling pattern (15m spacing, 300m depth), the method successfully detected three concealed goafs missed by conventional approaches, with spatial positioning errors under 0.5m. Notably, it accurately identified two un-collapsed water-filled cavities. This surface-borehole synergistic approach overcomes single-method limitations, enhancing goaf detection accuracy to over 92%. The technique provides reliable technical support for safe mining practices and represents significant progress in precise detection of hidden geological hazards in Chinese coal mines, offering valuable insights for global mining geophysics.

Geological Characteristics and Preliminary Genesis Exploration of the Sakay Gold Deposit in Vientiane, Laos

Tue, 06 May 2025 00:00:00 +0800

The Sakay gold deposit in Vientiane, Laos, is located in the Indochina landmass of the southeastern segment of the Tethys orogenic belt, specifically within the Vientiane-Pakse micro-landmass and the Vientiane-Pakse metallogenic belt. This area is regionally significant for the concentration of minerals such as gold, copper, and tin. The host rocks of the deposit are intermediate volcanic lavas and volcanic tuffs, occurring in near-east-west brittle shear structural fractures through hydrothermal filling and metasomatism. The ore exhibits granular texture, subhedral texture, porphyritic texture, and oriented polycrystalline texture, with structural features such as disseminated, vein-like, and cataclastic breccia. The main ore minerals are pyrite, sphalerite, galena, and chalcopyrite, while the gangue minerals are primarily quartz, calcite, and dolomite. Gold is mainly present as included gold or fissure gold within the crystal lattices and microfractures of minerals such as pyrite and sphalerite. Based on mineral assemblages and generation timing, the mineralization can be divided into three stages: arsenopyrite-pyrite-dolomite-quartz (I), sphalerite-galena-chalcopyrite-calcite (II), and siderite (III), with the latter stages often overlaying the former, showing evident cross-cutting and metasomatic phenomena. The surrounding rocks in the mining area are altered, mainly showing silicification, carbonatization, limonitization, sericitization, and chloritization. Preliminary studies suggest that this deposit is a low-temperature hydrothermal gold deposit within a brittle shear zone.

Role of Ochrobactrum Bacteria and Organic Matter in Plant Growth and the Content of N, P, and K Under Soil Salinity Stress

Huda Krebit Hundi, Mustafa Qais Hamid, Ali Abdul Majeed Noori — Wed, 23 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Organic matter increases biological activity within the root zone because it contains beneficial microbes that stimulate vital processes. This study aimed to determine the effect of Ochrobactrum anthropi added to the soil as a single or mixed solution with different concentrations of organic matter on the vegetative growth of the zinnia plant and its content of nutrients. The study was conducted with a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The plant was grown in soil with a high salinity level of 8 ds m^–¹. Plant characteristics were estimated 30 and 60 days after planting the plant. The treatment with the addition of bio-inoculum produced the best results; within 30 days, there was a 56.89% increase in plant length; after 60 days, there was a 52.56% increase; additionally, there was a 52.56% increase in leaf count within 30 days; after 60 days, there was a 53.50% increase; and finally, there was an increase in flower count. For plants after 60 days, it reached 3.66%. With the addition of bio-inoculum to soil at a level of 3 gm kg^–¹ of organic matter, the mixing treatment achieved the highest dry weight, 29.86%. The addition of bio-inoculum resulted in the largest and most significant increase in chlorophyll content in leaves, reaching 18.76%. In the mixing addition of the biological inoculum treatment, the organic content of the plant showed an increase in nitrogen (14.38%), phosphorus (21.18%), and potassium (39.75%) at 2 and 3 gm kg^–¹ organic matter, respectively.

Sub-Watershed Prioritization of Chambal River Basin Using Morphometric and Topo-Hydrological Parameters

Wed, 23 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Natural resource management is essential to sustain human well-being and the environment. Water and soil are two of the most important natural resources that require careful management. The western part of India faces multiple challenges, including climatic variability, soil degradation, water scarcity, deforestation, etc. The basin’s sub-watersheds are delineated and prioritised using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and Sub Watershed Prioritization Tool (SWPT), respectively, using morphometric and topo-hydrological characteristics, and the sub-watersheds are further ranked using Weighted Sum Analysis (WSA). The findings indicate that SWS19, SWS18, SWS1, SWS17, SWS16, and SWS15, which are drained by the rivers Chambal, Kali Sindh, Mashi, Parbati, Parwan, and Beradi, are highly vulnerable sub-watersheds. By integrating remote sensing, GIS techniques, and quantitative morphometric analysis, parameters such as drainage density, stream frequency, bifurcation ratio, and slope gradient were evaluated. The analysis revealed critical sub-watersheds characterized by steep slopes, high drainage density, and poor vegetation cover, indicating their susceptibility to erosion and runoff. The findings underscore the necessity for targeted soil conservation measures, such as contour bunding, afforestation, and water retention structures. This study highlights the utility of geospatial tools for sustainable watershed management and provides a replicable framework for prioritizing sub-watersheds in similar regions.

Eco-Driven Leadership in Pharmaceutical Industry: The Impact of Knowledge Sharing, Innovation, and Shared Vision on Environmental Performance

Tue, 22 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

Corporate environmental sustainability has become a critical concern, particularly in resource-intensive industries such as pharmaceuticals, where regulatory pressures and stakeholder expectations continue to rise. Despite increasing attention to green leadership, limited research has explored how environmentally responsible leadership (ERL) influences corporate environmental performance (CEP) through employee-driven sustainability behaviors. This study addresses this gap by examining the mediating roles of green knowledge-sharing behavior (GKSB), green innovative behavior (GIB), and voluntary green behavior (VGB), as well as the moderating role of green shared vision (GSV) in the ERL-CEP relationship. The study is grounded in Resource-Based View (RBV), Knowledge-Based View (KBV), Environmental-Based View (EBV), and Triple Bottom Line (TBL) theories, which collectively explain how leadership-driven sustainability efforts create long-term competitive advantages, drive environmental responsibility, and balance economic, social, and environmental sustainability. A quantitative research design was employed, using survey data from 384 employees in Bangladesh’s pharmaceutical sector. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) in Smart-PLS 4.0 to assess direct, indirect, and moderating effects. The results confirm that ERL has a significant positive impact on CEP, with GKSB, GIB, and VGB acting as mediators, while GSV strengthens the ERL-CEP relationship. This study provides novel empirical evidence on the mechanisms linking green leadership to corporate sustainability, extending the application of RBV, KBV, EBV, and TBL to leadership-driven environmental management. The findings emphasize the importance of leadership training programs, sustainability-focused organizational cultures, and shared environmental visions. Policymakers should consider incentives for companies adopting ERL practices, ensuring that sustainability becomes a strategic, rather than compliance-driven, priority. This study contributes to leadership and sustainability literature by offering a comprehensive framework for integrating ERL into corporate governance and environmental strategies.

Higher Methane Emission Rates in the Vegetative Rice Growing Stages in the Lower Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Bui Thi Ngoc Oanh, Vo Huynh Huong, Elaine Alio — Tue, 06 May 2025 00:00:00 +0800

The Mekong Delta in Vietnam is a region that produces rice and emits methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Vietnam’s rice exports, which rank among the top four globally, have a significant impact on the world’s food suppy. The Eddy Covariance system, positioned in the rice field, has been recording methane emission rates and bio-meteorological factors. This study presents the findings of three crop seasons (Summer-Autumn 2020 (S-A20), Winter-Spring 2021 (W-S21), and Spring-Summer 2021 (S-S21)) from the year 2020 to 2021. The highest CH₄ emission value was observed inthe S-S21 crop, reaching 4.14 µmol s^–¹ m^–². Elevated CH₄ emission rates were predominantly recorded during the vegetative stage within first 21 days after planting, while lower CH₄ emissions were observed during the reproductive and ripening stages. This pattern clearly indicates higher methane emissions at the vegetative stage of the growing rice, likely due to the abundance of organic matter in the rice fields. The average CH₄ emission rate was 0.1 µmol m^–²s^–¹ . Notably, high methane emissions were recorded when the soil surface temperature was below 33 °C. As a results, the S-S21 exhibits the highest methane emission rates compared to other seasons.

Materiality in Environmental Information Disclosure: A Comparative Analysis of the Securities Law of the United States and China

Wu Huihui, Hasani Mohd Ali , Hazlina Shaik Md Noor Alam — Tue, 06 May 2025 00:00:00 +0800

The purpose of this study lies in exploring the role of materiality in environmental information disclosures under the securities laws of the United States and China, discussing the differences in the regulatory mechanism, limits of enforcement, and challenges of seeking global harmonization. The paper does a comparative legal analysis of statutory provisions, judicial interpretations, and regulatory frameworks of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC). Furthermore, it provides frameworks of global sustainability reporting such as the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (TCFD) and the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). The findings show that U.S. securities law uses a financial materiality standard with respect to what companies must disclose to investors. On the other hand, China’s regulatory approach has a double materiality in considering not only financial impacts but also wider environmental and social factors. Although there are these distinctions, both of these jurisdictions face issues of common obstruction such as ambiguities in materiality determination, inconsistent enforcement, and fear of greenwashing. This paper asserts that the U.S. and China regulatory frameworks need to converge more to promote greater corporate transparency and ESG disclosures. Regulators can even align disclosure practices with internationally recognized standards of work to add confidence for investors, fight off misleading sustainability claims and ensure accountable reporting in pertinent environments. The study concludes that the green challenges of global markets can only be tackled by regulating cooperative actions and using standardized reporting guidelines.

Controls on Faulted Sub-Depression Patterns in Continental Rifted Basins: The Beier Depression, Hailar Basin, Northeastern China

Fangju Chen, Ya Tian, Gang Li, Yougong Wang, Huaye Liu, Yue Zou, Mengxia Li — Tue, 06 May 2025 00:00:00 +0800

In contrast to well-studied rift basins in NE China, the Hailar Basin has received relatively less attention regarding the combined patterns of different types of grabens and half-grabens. This study aims to explore whether the combined patterns of grabens in the Hailar Basin exhibit similar characteristics to those in other NE China rift basins and to identify the underlying causes. To achieve this, a comprehensive analysis of the major fault systems and the combined patterns of faulted sub-depressions, as well as their controlling mechanisms, was conducted. This analysis utilized the latest 3D seismic data that cover nearly the entire Beier Depression. Three groups of pre-existing fault systems were observed in the basement of the Beier Depression, and they are the NEE-EW-trending fault systems, the NE-trending fault systems, and the NW-trending fault systems. The NEE-EW-trending fault systems were distributed in the central part of the Beier Depression and primarily controlled the sedimentary filling of the Tongbomiao and the Lower Nantun Formations. The NE-trending fault systems were distributed in the southwestern part of the Beier Depression and primarily controlled the sedimentary filling of the Upper Nantun Formations. The NW-trending fault systems were distributed rarely in the Beier Depression. Five kinds of combined patterns of the sub-depressions were developed in the Beier Depression, and they are the parallel, en echelon, face-to-face, back-to-back, and S-shaped combined patterns. They were controlled by the NEE-EW-trending and the NE-trending fault systems with different orientations, arrangements, and activation sequences.

Enhancing Organizational Sustainability through Green HRM: A Conceptual Review

Mon, 21 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0800

This study delves into Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) as well as its link with organizational sustainability. Through a review of literature, this research hopes to fathom the place of eco-sustainability in employee involvement and enhancing environmental responsibility via Green HRM. The main aim of this study is to thoroughly examine the literature on GHRM and its contribution to improving organizational sustainability through employee engagement and diminished environmental impact. The PRISMA guidelines were utilized in this conceptual review in order to investigate the impact that Green HRM has on the sustainability of organizations. The results show that Green HRM is vital for organizational sustainability since it reduces their ecological footprint, raises employee morale, and improves reputation. Additionally, the study emphasizes the significance of including Green HRM practices into organizational strategies and operations so as to achieve long-term sustainability. Findings indicate that through implementing green HRM practices organizations can record increased employee engagement levels, reduced turnover rates and improved customer satisfaction. Moreover, there are lower costs associated with green human resource management practices because of less waste and a better image for the brand. Nonetheless, some challenges and constraints towards change have been observed in relation to the implementation of these practices by companies. This study therefore gives an overview of how green HRM enhances organizational sustainability, thereby urging firms to adopt sustainable HR practices for successful operations in the future. These findings are important for human resource professionals, policymakers, or organizations who want to embed sustainability into their business strategy.