Journal of Human Physiology

Nanomedicine for SARS-CoV-2: Therapeutic and Prophylactic Approach in Immunocompromised Individuals

Basma H. Marghani — 2021-09-20

SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that first appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and then spread all over the world, causing a global respiratory epidemic COVID-19 illness. Certain health conditions can increase your exposure to COVID-19, such as chronic obstructive lung disease, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. The immune system of the host is severely compromised in the event of a respiratory viral infection. Immunocompromised patients have a more difficult time avoiding respiratory viral infections, making them more vulnerable to COVID-19 pneumonia and increasing the death rate to 19%. The ability of SARS-CoV-2 to damage the host cell by modifying its own DNA or RNA and proliferating inside the host cell, with antiviral treatments and prophylactic vaccinations being tested. In recent years, numerous innovative technologies have been examined to diagnose, prevent and treat viral infections. Nano technology opens the way to distinguish the living cell mechanisms and develop new technologies that make it possible to diagnose and cure various viral infections in the early stage. The therapeutic and preventative approaches of nanomedicine are essential factors for curing SARS-CoV-2. The delivery of antiviral drugs based on nanocarrier, changes in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties, leading in dose reduction, reductions in toxicity, increased bioavailability, and the prevention of the virus. The overall efficiency and safety of vaccinated adjuvant vaccine nanoparticles (VANs) helps enhance the immune response of older, immunocompromised persons with the greatest death rate of SARS-CoV-2. The review focuses on recent advancements in nanomedicine treatments and prevention strategies for SARS-CoV-2.

Low Intensity Microwave Fields and Radiation and Their Interaction with the Human Body

Oleksiy Yanenko — 2022-01-04

Sources of low-intensity microwave signals formation, which affect the metabolism processes when they interact with human body, are considered in the article. It’s noticed that increasing intensity level of the technogenic signals in environment significantly exceeds natural electromagnetic fields and radiation (EMR). The peculiarities of the registration and measurement of low-intensity signals parameters of the microwave range are considered. The processes of the interaction of the microwave signals and human organism are analyzed. Formation mechanisms of the positive and negative microwave flows of the electromagnetic radiation are revealed. Particularly, possible formation mechanism of the microwave EMR fluxes of implants in the human body. The results of the experimental study of the EMR signals levels of the objects contacting with human body, partly materials for bone defects replacement and soft tissues regeneration so as materials for physiotherapy, are given. The use of the term “electromagnetic compatibility” for materials which contacting the human body, is proposed. The expediency of its use is proven. Microwave properties of materials for clothes, minerals and building materials, which can affect the human body and environment, have been also studied.

Tick-borne Diseases, Transmission, Host Immune Responses, Diagnosis and Control

Nidhi Yadav — 2021-12-14

Present review article explains tick-borne diseases, transmission, host immune responses, diagnosis and control in relation to climatic variations. Ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites which suck large volumes of blood from livestock and humans. They release large numbers of protozoans, bacteria, rickettsia and viral pathogens during blood feeding and transmit disease pathogens through saliva. Due to heavy blood sucking by ticks animals face significant blood and weight loss that affect their overall health. Due to more severe illness, high economic losses were noted in livestock. This article highlights medically important tick borne diseases in man and livestock, its pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment methods. The present article emphasizes invasion of hosts, host-pathogen interactions, tick saliva toxin induced host immune responses and biological effects. This article highlighted various tick control methods i.e. physical killing, acaricidal, biological, hormonal, genetic and immunological methods such as administration of protective antibody and vaccines for disease control in human being and his livestock. The authors suggest non-chemical environmentally safe methods for successful control of tick borne diseases to kill cattle, bird and canine invading ticks.

Several Theoretical and Applied Problems of Human Extreme Physiology: Mathematical Modeling

Grygoryan R.D. — 2021-12-30

Human cardiovascular system (CVS) and hemodynamics are critically sensitive to essential alterations of mechanical inertial forces in directions of head-legs (+Gz) or legs-head (-Gz). Typically, such alterations appear during pilotage maneuvers of modern high maneuverable airspace vehicles (HMAV).The vulnerability of pilots or passengers of HMAV to these altering forces depends on their three main characteristics: amplitude, dynamics, and duration. Special protections, proposed to minimize this vulnerability, should be improved in parallel with the increasing of these hazardous characteristics of HMAVs. Empiric testing of novel protection methods and tools is both expensive and hazardous. Therefore computer simulations are encouraged. Autonomic software (AS) for simulating and theoretical investigating of the main dynamic responses of human CVS to altering Gz is developed. AS is based on a system of quantitative mathematical models (QMM) consisting of about 1300 differential and algebraic equations. QMM describes the dynamics of both CVS (the cardiac pump function, baroreceptor control of parameters of cardiovascular net presented by means of lumped parameter vascular compartments) and non-biological variables (inertial forces, and used protections). The main function of AS is to provide physiologist-researcher by visualizations of calculated additional data concerning characteristics of both external and internal environments under high sustained accelerations and short-time microgravity. Additionally, AS can be useful as an educational tool able to show both researchers and young pilots the main hemodynamic effects caused by accelerations and acute weightlessness with and without use of different protection tools and technics. In this case, AS does help users to optimize training process aimed to ensure optimal-like human tolerance to the altered physical environment. Main physiological events appearing under different scenarios of accelerations and microgravity have been tested.

The Gulf Stream and the Californian Current as Factors Affecting the Behavior and Health of Americans

Yuri Pivovarenko — 2021-12-30

Due to the existence of the Earth's geomagnetic field, Lorentz’s forces constantly act on all sea currents. These forces distribute the charges of sea currents in both vertical and horizontal directions. In particular, this distribution manifests itself in the electric polarization of sea currents in directions perpendicular to them. So, earlier it was shown that the same Lorentz forces cause negative electrization of the Sargasso Sea. It is also shown here that the positive electrization of the western edge of the Gulf Stream and, consequently, the eastern coast of the United States is also caused by the Lorentz force arising from the interaction of this sea current with the vertical component of the geomagnetic field. It is also shown here that the positive electrization of east edge of California Current together with west coast of USA is also caused due to the similar reasons. All this allows us to conclude that an increased concentration of positive air ions is constantly retained in the air both in the east and in the west of the United States. This situation has caused the need for an analysis of how the predominantly positive electrization of the air affects both human health and their physical and mental activity. The results of this analysis are presented here. It is also shown that these results can be useful for residents of some other countries.