Development of an Emotional Intelligence Scale for Primary School Students

2026-04-08T20:42:53+08:00

The purpose of this study is to explore the emotional intelligence status of primary school students in Beijing and develop a scientific assessment scale. First, through a systematic review of domestic and international literature on emotional intelligence, we propose a theoretical framework encompassing four dimensions: self-perception, self-regulation, external perception, and external regulation. Second, relevant scales are collected to serve as an important reference for developing questionnaire items, thereby enabling the creation of custom items based on the hypothesized structure and the finalization of the preliminary questionnaire. Third, we conducted item analysis and exploratory factor analysis using a sample of 355 elementary school students to develop a second questionnaire. In the fourth step, the reliability and validity of the retest questionnaire were assessed using a sample of 362 elementary school students, and 60 of them were selected to evaluate retest reliability one month later. The final version of the questionnaire consists of 40 items, covering four dimensions: self-perception, self-regulation, external perception, and external regulation. The overall Cronbach’s α coefficient for the questionnaire was 0.927, with Cronbach’s α coefficients for each dimension ranging from 0.768 to 0.905; The test-retest reliability was 0.542; the results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that χ²/df = 2.28, GFI = 0.78, IFI = 0.94, NNFI = 0.94, CFI = 0.94, and RMSEA = 0.060, all of which met psychometric standards. This scale is divided into four dimensions, which not only address the issue of current emotional intelligence scales being too broad in scope but also better align with the characteristics of Chinese elementary school students, thereby facilitating the implementation of mental health education in schools.

Dilemmas and Optimization of Collaborative Governance of Food Safety in Public Hospitals from the Multi-Subject Psychological Game Perspective

2026-06-03T11:22:42+08:00

Food safety within public hospitals directly determines the physical recovery of inpatients and the efficiency of hospital public health management. Meanwhile, the psychological divergence among multiple stakeholders has gradually become the core obstacle restricting collaborative food safety governance in institutional catering scenarios. Based on psychological game theory, prospect theory, and health risk perception psychology, this conceptual theoretical review paper adopts a theoretical deduction framework to systematically sort out three core participants, namely: hospital administrative management, canteen catering practitioners, and inpatients. It also analyzes the heterogeneous psychological preferences, risk-cognitive biases, and benefit-driven psychological game logic behind the inconsistent behavioral choices of each subject in hospital food safety management. The existing collaborative predicaments stem from the prisoner's dilemma formed by the opportunistic psychology of catering staff, the risk amplification psychology and passive supervision psychology of hospital administrators, as well as the asymmetric risk perception and negative trust psychology of hospitalized patients. These factors jointly lead to insufficient daily supervision, inadequate implementation of hygiene specifications, and low patient participation in supervision. On the basis of clarifying the root causes of multi-body psychological conflicts, this study proposes targeted optimization paths covering psychological intervention, organizational atmosphere construction, improvement of risk communication, and design of incentive restraint mechanisms. The aim is to weaken the non-cooperative psychological tendencies of all participants and promote the transformation from scattered individual management to integrated collaborative food safety governance within public hospitals.

Journal of Psychological Research

Development of an Emotional Intelligence Scale for Primary School Students

Dilemmas and Optimization of Collaborative Governance of Food Safety in Public Hospitals from the Multi-Subject Psychological Game Perspective