Abstract: Because related data are seldom sufficient, expert judgments are imprecise, and forces and resistances differ, we provide an uncertainty-aware hierarchy that encompasses both random variation and incomplete knowledge. As a result of our work, we expect turning points, i.e., the points where acceptance or rejection will come about, to be bounded by risk very explicitly rather than simply giving a point estimate. The hybrid approach deals with... More

Abstract: Waste-to-material (WtM) strategies are central to circular-economy planning, yet pathway selection is complicated by uncertain feedstock quality, policy variability, market fluctuations, and coupled operational trade-offs. Existing evaluations often treat key drivers independently, limiting their ability to represent feedback effects that shape long-run pathway performance. This study develops a fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) decision framework to... More

Abstract: Two-layer reinforced concrete (RC) slabs are commonly used in staged construction, repair, and strengthening, yet the relationship between local interface displacement and global slab response remains insufficiently understood. This study investigated six slabs measuring 1,200 × 1,600 × 120 mm under monotonic concentrated loading. The series comprised one monolithic reference slab and five two-layer slabs with different layer... More