Correction & Withdrawal Policies
Article Processing Charges (APC)
Clinical Trials and Reporting guidelines
Thyroid disorders are commonly overwhelming health conditions reported worldwide. The prevalence of thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism is increasing in developed and developing countries, including India.This is due to change in traditional foods to Besides low / insufficient iodine intake, smoking, ageing, genetic susceptibility, lifestyle, usage of new medicine, endocrine disrupting chemicals and immune status of an individual are the key determinants for thyroid disorders. This review emphasizes the various disorders of the thyroid gland and, its epidemiology and treatment methods.
[1] Guyton AC, Hall TE (1996) Text Book of Medical Physiology. (9thedn), W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, pp: 945-946.
[2] Dumont J, et al. (2011) Ontogeny, anatomy, metabolism and physiology of the thyroid. Thyroid Disease Manager. https://www.thyroidmanager.org/chapter/ontogenyanatomy-metabolism-and-physiology-of-the-thyroid
[3] Kochupillai N (2000) Clinical Endocrinology in India. Current Science 8: 1061-7.
[4] Zimmerman MB (2009) Iodine deficiency. Endocr Rev30: 376–408.
[5] Wang C, Crapo LM (1997) The epidemiology of thyroid disease and implications for screening. EndocrinolMetabClin North Am 26(1): 189-218.
[6] Elaine N, Maieb R (1990)The Endocrine System: Human Anatomy and Physiology. (3rdedn), W.B. Saunders Company, Cambridge, UK, pp: 546- 583.
[7] Bucci I, Giuliani C, Napolitano G (2017) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Antibodies in Pregnancy. Clinical Relevance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 8: 137.
[8] Kandi S, Rao P (2012) Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies: its effect on thyroid gland and breast tissue. Ann Trop Med Public Health 5: 1-2.
[9] Kim ES, Lim DJ, Baek KH, Lee JM, Kim MK, Kwon HS, Song KH, Kang MI, Cha BY, Lee KW, Son HY (2010) Thyroglobulin antibody is associated with increased cancer risk in thyroid nodules. Thyroid 20(8): 885-91.
[10] UshaMenon V, Sundaram KR, Unnikrishnan AG, Jayakumar RV, Nair V, Kumar H (2009) High prevalence of undetected thyroid disorders in an iodine sufficient adult south Indian population. J Indian Med Assoc 107: 72-7.
[11] Vanderpump MPJ, Tunbridge WMG, French JM, et al. (1995) The incidence of thyroid disorders in the community: a twenty-year follow-up of the Whickham survey. ClinEndocrinol (Oxf)43:55–69.
[12] Tunbridge WMG, Evered DC, Hall R, et al. (1977) The spectrum of thyroid disease in the community: the Whickham survey. ClinEndocrinol (Oxf) 7: 481–93.
[13] Konno N, Yuri K, Taguchi H, Miura K, Taguchi S, et al. (1993) Screening for thyroid diseases in an iodine sufficient area with sensitive thyrotrophin assays, and serum thyroid autoantibody and urinary iodide determinations. ClinEndocrinol 38: 273–281.
[14] Berglund J, Ericsson UB, Hallengren B (1996). Increased incidence of thyrotoxicosis in Malmo during the years 1988–1990 as compared to the years 1970– 1974. J Intern Med 239: 57–62.
[15] Knudsen N, BuElow I, Jurgensen T, Laurberg P, Ovesen L, et al. (2000) Comparative study of thyroid function and types of thyroid dysfunction in two areas in Denmark with slightly different iodine status. Eur J Endocrinol 143: 485–491.
[16] Bjoro T, Holmen J, Kruger O, Midthjell K, Hunstad K, et al. (2000). Prevalence of thyroid disease, thyroid dysfunction and thyroid peroxidase antibodies in a large, unselected population. The Health Study of Nord-Trondelag (HUNT). Eur J Endocrinol 143: 639–647.
[17] Nystrom HF, Jansson S, Berg G (2013) Incidence rate and clinical features of hyperthyroidism in a longterm iodine sufficient area of Sweden (Gothenburg) 2003–2005. ClinEndocrinol 78: 768–776.
[18] Korevaar TIM, Medici M, Visser TJ, Peeters RP (2017) Thyroid disease in pregnancy: new insights in diagnosis and clinical management. Nat Rev Endocrinol 13: 610–622.
[19] Medici M, Korevaar TI, Visser WE, Visser TJ, Peeters RP (2015) Thyroid function in pregnancy: what is normal? ClinChem 61: 704–713.
[20] Biondi B, Klein I (2004) Hypothyroidism as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Endocrine 24(1): 1-13.
[21] Duntas LH, BrentaG(2012) The effect of thyroid disorders on lipid levels and metabolism. Med Clin North Am 96(2): 269-281.
[22] Dietary supplement fact sheet iodine (2011) Office of Dietary Supplements website. http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iodine-QuickFacts.
[23] Dean S (2008) Medical nutrition therapy for thyroid and related disorders. In: Mahan KL, Escott-Stump S, eds. Krause’s Food, Nutrition, & Diet Therapy. (13th edn). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 711-724.
[24] Jyotsna VP, Sahoo A, Ksh SA, Sreenivas V, Gupta N (2012) Bone mineral density in patients of Graves disease pre- & post-treatment in a predominantly vitamin D deficient population. Indian J Med Res 135(1): 36-41.
[25] Rayman MP (2012) Selenium and human health. Lancet 379(9822): 1256-1268.
[26] Toulis KA, Anastasilakis AD, Tzellos TG, Goulis DG, Kouvelas D (2010) Selenium supplementation in the treatment of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Thyroid. 1163-1173.
[27] Institute of Medicine Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; (2001).
[28] Elnour A, Hambraeus L, Eltom M, Dramaix M, Bourdoux P (2000) Endemic goiter with iodine sufficiency: a possible role for the consumption of pearl millet in the etiology of endemic goiter. Am J ClinNutr 71(1): 59-66.