Nino Turashvili
Department of Medicine, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Lali Javashvili
Cortex Clinic Ltd
Elene Giorgadze
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, National Institute of Endocrinology
Vitamin D deficiency is a global problem, which has taken the form of apandemic. Existing data indicate that vitamin D is not only a nutrient. Ithas also a hormone-specific activity. Vitamin D is characterized by antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Chronic autoimmunethyroiditis is a disease of autoimmune genesis, in which lymphocyticinfiltration gradually destroys thyroid tissue. There are some evidencesabout vitamin D deficiency and the development of chronic autoimmunethyroiditis. The article has reviewed the current literature about the impactand the benefits of vitamin D on thyroid antibodies levels.
[1] D’Aurizio, F., Villalta, D., Metus, P., et al., 2015. Is vitamin D a player or not in the pathophysiology of autoimmune thyroid diseases?. Autoimmunity reviews. 14(5), 363-369.
[2] Holick, M.F., 2007. Vitamin D deficiency. New England journal of medicine. 357(3), 266-281.
[3] Herly, M., Stengaard-Pedersen, K., Vestergaard, P., et al., 2018. The D-vitamin metabolite 1,25(OH)2D in serum is associated with disease activity and Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies in active and treatment naïve, early Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Scandinavian journal of immunology. 88(3), e12704.
[4] Infante, M., Ricordi, C., Sanchez, J., et al., 2019. Influence of vitamin D on islet autoimmunity and beta-cell function in type 1 diabetes. Nutrients. 11(9), 2185.
[5] Norris, J.M., Lee, H.S., Frederiksen, B., et al., 2018. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and risk of islet autoimmunity. Diabetes. 67(1), 146-154.
[6] Lu, M., Taylor, B.V., Körner, H., 2018. Genomic effects of the vitamin D receptor: potentially the link between vitamin D, immune cells, and multiple sclerosis. Frontiers in immunology. 9, 477.
[7] Smolders, J., Damoiseaux, J., 2011. Vitamin D as a T-cell modulator in multiple sclerosis. Vitamins & Hormones. 86, 401-428.
[8] Rolf, L., Muris, A.H., Hupperts, R., et al., 2016. Illuminating vitamin D effects on B cells–the multiple sclerosis perspective. Immunology. 147(3), 275-284.
[9] Ajjan, R.A., Weetman, A.P., 2015. The pathogenesis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: further developments in our understanding. Hormone and Metabolic Research. 47(10), 702-710.
[10] Vondra, K., Stárka, L., Hampl, R., 2015. Vitamin D and thyroid diseases. Physiological research. 64, S95.
[11] Antonelli, A., Ferrari, S.M., Corrado, A., et al., 2015. Autoimmune thyroid disorders. Autoimmunity reviews. 14(2), 174-180.
[12] Wacker, M., Holick, M.F., 2013. Sunlight and Vitamin D: A global perspective for health. Dermato-endocrinology. 5(1), 51-108.
[13] Christakos, S., Dhawan, P., Verstuyf, A., et al., 2016. Vitamin D: metabolism, molecular mechanism of action, and pleiotropic effects. Physiological reviews. 96(1), 365-408.
[14] Zhu, J., DeLuca, H.F., 2012. Vitamin D 25-hydroxylase–four decades of searching, are we there yet? Archives of biochemistry and biophysics. 523(1), 30- 36.
[15] Nettore, I.C., Albano, L., Ungaro, P., et al., 2017. Sunshine vitamin and thyroid. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 18(3), 347-354.
[16] Cesareo, R., Iozzino, M., D’onofrio, L., et al., 2015. Effectiveness and safety of calcium and vitamin D treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Minerva Endocrinologica. 40(3), 231-237.
[17] Bikle, D.D., 2012. Vitamin D and bone. Current osteoporosis reports. 10(2), 151-159.
[18] Bivona, G., Agnello, L., Bellia, C., et al., 2019. Non-skeletal activities of vitamin D: from physiology to brain pathology. Medicina. 55(7), 341.
[19] Wacker, M., Holick, M.F., 2013. Vitamin D—effects on skeletal and extraskeletal health and the need for supplementation. Nutrients. 5(1), 111-148.
[20] Zhao, R., Zhang, W., Ma, C., et al., 2021. Immunomodulatory Function of Vitamin D and Its Role in Autoimmune Thyroid Disease. Frontiers in Immunology. 12, 352.
[21] Gao, X.R., Yu, Y.G., 2018. Meta-analysis of the association between vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and the risk of autoimmune thyroid disease. International journal of endocrinology.
[22] Drozdenko, G., Scheel, T., Heine, G., et al., 2014. Impaired T cell activation and cytokine production by calcitriol-primed human B cells. Clinical & Experimental Immunology. 178(2), 364-372.
[23] Chambers, E.S., Hawrylowicz, C.M., 2011. The impact of vitamin D on regulatory T cells. Current allergy and asthma reports. 11(1), 29-36.
[24] Jeffery, L.E., Wood, A.M., Qureshi, O.S., et al., 2012. Availability of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 to APCs controls the balance between regulatory and inflammatory T cell responses. The Journal of Immunology. 189(11), 5155-5164.
[25] Prietl, B., Treiber, G., Pieber, T.R., et al., 2013. Vitamin D and immune function. Nutrients. 5(7), 2502- 2521.
[26] Xie, Z., Chen, J., Zheng, C., et al., 2017. 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced dendritic cells suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by increasing proportions of the regulatory lymphocytes and reducing T helper type 1 and type 17 cells. Immunology. 152(3), 414-424.
[27] Mele, C., Caputo, M., Bisceglia, A., et al., 2020. Immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D in thyroid diseases. Nutrients. 12(5), 1444.
[28] Zheng, S.G., Meng, L., Wang, J.H., et al., 2006. Transfer of regulatory T cells generated ex vivo modifies graft rejection through induction of tolerogenic CD4+ CD25+ cells in the recipient. International immunology. 18(2), 279-289.
[29] Mazokopakis, E.E., Kotsiris, D.A., 2014. Hashimoto’s autoimmune thyroiditis and vitamin D deficiency. Current aspects. Hellenic journal of nuclear medicine. 17(1), 37-40.
[30] Liontiris, M.I., Mazokopakis, E.E., 2017. A concise review of Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and the importance of iodine, selenium, vitamin D and gluten on the autoimmunity and dietary management of HT patients. Points that need more investigation. Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 20(1), 51-56.
[31] Ferrari, S.M., Fallahi, P., Antonelli, A., et al., 2017. Environmental issues in thyroid diseases. Frontiers in endocrinology. 8, 50.
[32] Wiersinga, W.M., 2016. Clinical relevance of environmental factors in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 31(2), 213-222.
[33] Muscogiuri, G., Mitri, J., Mathieu, C., et al., 2014. Mechanisms in Endocrinology Vitamin D as a potential contributor in endocrine health and disease. European journal of endocrinology. 171(3).
[34] Lee, H.J., Li, C.W., Hammerstad, S.S., et al., 2015. Immunogenetics of autoimmune thyroid diseases: a comprehensive review. Journal of autoimmunity. 64, 82-90.
[35] Wang, J., Lv, S., Chen, G., et al., 2015. Meta-analysis of the association between vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid disease. Nutrients. 7(4), 2485-2498.
[36] Ben-Skowronek, I., Szewczyk, L., Kulik-Rechberger, B., et al., 2013. The differences in T and B cell subsets in thyroid of children with Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. World Journal of Pediatrics. 9(3), 245-250.
[37] Weetman, A.P., 2021. An update on the pathogenesis of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation. 44(5), 883-890.
[38] Kmieć, P., Sworczak, K., 2015. Vitamin D in thyroid disorders. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes. 123(07), 386-393.
[39] Tamer, G., Arik, S., Tamer, I., et al., 2011. Relative vitamin D insufficiency in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Thyroid. 21(8), 891-896.
[40] Unal, A.D., Tarcin, O., Parildar, H., et al., 2014. Vitamin D deficiency is related to thyroid antibodies in autoimmune thyroiditis. Central-European journal of immunology. 39(4), 493.
[41] Kivity, S., Agmon-Levin, N., Zisappl, M., et al., 2011. Vitamin D and autoimmune thyroid diseases. Cellular & molecular immunology. 8(3), 243-247.
[42] Sayki Arslan, M., Topaloglu, O., Ucan, B., et al., 2015. Isolated vitamin D deficiency is not associated with nonthyroidal illness syndrome, but with thyroid autoimmunity. The Scientific World Journal.
[43] Bozkurt, N.C., Karbek, B., Ucan, B., et al., 2013. The association between severity of vitamin D deficiency and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Endocrine Practice. 19(3), 479-484.
[44] Muscogiuri, G., Mari, D., Prolo, S., et al., 2016. 25 hydroxyvitamin D deficiency and its relationship to autoimmune thyroid disease in the elderly. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 13(9), 850.
[45] Wang, X., Zynat, J., Guo, Y., et al., 2015. Low serum vitamin D is associated with anti-thyroid-globulin antibody in female individuals. International journal of endocrinology.
[46] Choi, Y.M., Kim, W.G., Kim, T.Y., et al., 2014. Low levels of serum vitamin D3 are associated with autoimmune thyroid disease in pre-menopausal women. Thyroid. 24(4), 655-661.
[47] Kim, C.Y., Lee, Y.J., Choi, J.H., et al., 2019. The Association between Low Vitamin D Status and Autoimmune Thyroid Disease in Korean Premenopausal Women: The 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2013–2014. Korean Journal of Family Medicine. 40(5), 323.
[48] Goswami, R., Marwaha, R.K., Gupta, N., et al., 2009. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its relationship with thyroid autoimmunity in Asian Indians: a community-based survey. British Journal of Nutrition. 102(3), 382-386.
[49] Ma, J., Di Wu, C.L., Fan, C., et al., 2015. Lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level is associated with 3 types of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Medicine. 94(39).
[50] Holick, M.F., Binkley, N.C., Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A., et al., 2011. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. The Journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism. 96(7), 1911-1930.
[51] Krysiak, R., Kowalcze, K., Okopien, B., 2016. The effect of vitamin D on thyroid autoimmunity in non-lactating women with postpartum thyroiditis. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 70(5), 637- 639.
[52] Simsek, Y., Cakır, I., Yetmis, M., et al., 2016. Effects of Vitamin D treatment on thyroid autoimmunity. Journal of research in medical sciences: the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. pp. 21.
[53] Mazokopakis, E.E., Papadomanolaki, M.G., Tsekouras, K.C., et al., 2015. Is vitamin D related to pathogenesis and treatment of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. Hellenic Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 18(3), 222-227.
[54] Chaudhary, S., Dutta, D., Kumar, M., et al., 2016. Vitamin D supplementation reduces thyroid peroxidase antibody levels in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease: An open-labeled randomized controlled trial. Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism. 20(3), 391.
[55] Chahardoli, R., Saboor-Yaraghi, A.A., Amouzegar, A., et al., 2019. Can supplementation with vitamin D modify thyroid autoantibodies (Anti-TPO Ab, Anti-Tg Ab) and thyroid profile (T3, T4, TSH) in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis? A double blind, Randomized clinical trial. Hormone and Metabolic Research. 51(05), 296-301.
[56] Knutsen, K.V., Madar, A.A., Brekke, M., et al., 2017. Effect of vitamin D on thyroid autoimmunity: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial among ethnic minorities. Journal of the Endocrine Society. 1(5), 470-479.
[57] Safabakhsh, M., Tangestani, H., Saeidifard, N., et al., 2018. Does vitamin D improve the serum level of anti-TPO and anti-TG in Autoimmune thyroid diseases? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics.
[58] Anaraki, P.V., Aminorroaya, A., Amini, M., et al., 2017. Effect of Vitamin D deficiency treatment on thyroid function and autoimmunity markers in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences: The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. pp. 22.
Copyright © 2022 Authors
This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.
Aims and Scope