Intelligent GA-PID Control of STATCOM for Voltage Sag Mitigation in Transmission Lines

Authors

  • David Oluwagbemiga Aborisade

    Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso 210214, Nigeria
  • Muniru Olajide Okelola

    Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso 210214, Nigeria
  • Onmoke Okoko

    Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso 210214, Nigeria
  • Jelili Aremu Oyedokun

    Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso 210214, Nigeria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30564/jeis.v8i1.12865
Received: 9 December 2025 | Revised: 10 March 2026 | Accepted: 27 March 2026 | Published Online: 21 April 2026

Abstract

The paper presents an intelligent control approach for a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) using a Genetic Algorithm-optimized Proportional-Integral-Derivative (GA-PID) controller to mitigate voltage sags in power transmission systems. This shunt-connected device is part of the FACTS family and dynamically injects reactive power compensation through the Voltage Source Converter to hold stable voltage magnitudes. Conventional PID controllers have shortcomings due to non-productive manual tuning and poor transient response performance. A Genetic Algorithm optimization approach has been implemented to automatically select optimum PID parameters for the improvement of control accuracy with increased system response speed. Performance of both GA-PID and traditional PID controllers is analyzed under voltage sag situations through MATLAB/Simulink simulations. The STATCOM controlled by GA-PID shows better performance with a reduced overshoot of 4.17%, a faster rise time of 0.0000504 s, and the shortest settling time of 0.000538 s. Thus, it has been established that these parameters significantly improve transient and steady-state performances by reducing the steady-state error, which in turn enhances voltage stability and power quality. The adaptive control reduces harmonic distortion and maintains the best performance of the system even in the presence of disturbances. This has proven that the integration of Genetic Algorithm optimization and PID control provides a robust, adaptive, efficient strategy to improve the performance of STATCOM, hence improving voltage regulation, the reliability of power, and efficiency for modern high-voltage transmission systems.

Keywords:

STATCOM; Intelligent Control; Genetic Algorithm; PID Optimization; Voltage Sag Mitigation; Transmission Line

References

[1] Abas, N., Dilshad, S., Khalid, A., et al., 2020. Power Quality Improvement Using Dynamic Voltage Restorer. IEEE Access. 8, 164325–164339. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3022477

[2] Ahmad, A.A.L., Sirjani, R., 2020. Optimal Placement and Sizing of Multi-Type FACTS Devices in Power Systems Using Metaheuristic Optimization Techniques: An Updated Review. Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 11(3), 611–628. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2019.10.013

[3] Atuchukwu, A.J., Okonkwo, I.I., Okoye, E.O., 2022. Voltage Stability Enhancement Using Static Var Compensator. International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science. 4(4), 2309–2328.

[4] Salimon, S.A., Lawal, Q.O., Adebiyi, O.W., et al., 2022. Cost-Benefit of Optimal Allocation of DSTATCOM in Distribution Networks Using Ant-Lion Optimization Algorithm. Periodica Polytechnica Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. 66(4), 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3311/PPee.20549

[5] Alsammak, A.N., Mohammed, H.A., 2021. Power Quality Improvement Using Fuzzy Logic Controller Based Unified Power Flow Controller. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. 21(1), 1–9.

[6] Xu, Y., Xiao, X., Sun, Y., et al., 2016. Voltage Sag Compensation Strategy for Unified Power Quality Conditioner with Simultaneous Reactive Power Injection. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy. 4(1), 113–122. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40565-016-0183-x

[7] Dazahra, M.N., Elmariami, F., Belfqih, A., et al., 2016. Optimal Location of SVC Using Particle Swarm Optimization and Voltage Stability Indexes. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering. 6(6), 2581–2588.

[8] Okelola, M.O., Salimon, S.A., Adegbola, O.A., et al., 2021. Optimal Siting and Sizing of D-STATCOM in Distribution System Using New Voltage Stability Index and Bat Algorithm. In Proceedings of the 2021 International Congress of Advanced Technology and Engineering, Taiz, Yemen, 4–5 July 2021; pp. 1–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOTEN52080.2021.9493461

[9] Hingorani, N.G., Gyugyi, L., 2000. Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems. John Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, USA.

[10] Hernández-Mayoral, E., Madrigal-Martínez, M., Mina-Antonio, J.D., et al., 2023. A Comprehensive Review on Power-Quality Issues, Optimization Techniques, and Control Strategies of Microgrid Based on Renewable Energy Sources. Sustainability. 15(12), 9847. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129847

[11] Moshtagh, J., Souraki, H.P., Jalili, P., 2009. Characteristics Analysis of Voltage Sag, Voltage Swell and Instability Voltage in Multi-Grounded Four-Wire Power Distribution Systems. In Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Computer and Electrical Engineering, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 28–30 December 2009; pp. 163–167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCEE.2009.157

[12] Reddy, V.V.K., Sydulu, M., 2007. 2Index and GA Based Optimal Location and Sizing of Distribution System Capacitors. In Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Tampa, FL, USA, 24–28 June 2007; pp. 1–4.

[13] Ahmad, A., Shehzad, A., Shrivastava, V.B., 2013. Power Quality Improvement Using STATCOM in IEEE 30 Bus System. Advance in Electronic and Electric Engineering. 3(6), 727–732.

[14] Fasina, E.T., Adebanji, B., Oyedokun, J.A., 2024. Power Flow Analysis of the Nigeria Power Grid with FACTS Devices. International Research Journal of Advanced Engineering and Science. 20(3), 131–136.

[15] Arabi, S., Kundur, P., 1996. A Versatile FACTS Device Model for Powerflow and Stability Simulations. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 11(4), 1944–1950.

[16] Okelola, M.O., Akinrinade, S.A., Onatoyinbo, O.O., et al., 2025. Enhancing ICMT OCR Performance and Relay Coordination in Nigeria Distribution Network using a Cascade Algorithm. International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronic and Instrumentation Engineering (IJAREEIE). 14(7), 2150–2160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15662/IJAREEIE.2025.14067002

[17] Okelola, M.O., Akinsanya, O.A., Oyedokun, J.A., et al., 2025. Optimization-Based Adaptive Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Relays in Multi-DG Radial Distribution Systems. Journal of Engineering Research and Reports. 27(11), 410–417.

[18] Nishat, M.M., Faisal, F., 2019. An Investigation of Spectroscopic Characterization on Biological Tissue. In Proceedings of the 2018 4th International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information and Communication Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 13–15 September 2018; pp. 290–295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/CEEICT.2018.8628081

[19] Okelola, M.O., Ayanlade, S.O., Ogunwole, E.I., 2021. Particle Swarm Optimization for Optimal Allocation of STATCOM on Transmission Network. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1880, 012035. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1880/1/012035

[20] Vladu, E.E., Dragomir, T.L., 2004. Controller Tuning Using Genetic Algorithms. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology. 1–10. Available from: https://uni-obuda.hu/conferences/saci04/vladu.pdf

[21] Ojo, K.E., Amole, A.O., Aborisade, D.O., et al., 2019. Fuzzy-PID Based Speed-Torque Control of Switched Reluctance Traction Motor. Automatic Control and System Engineering Journal. 19(2), 31–41.

[22] Roeva, O., Fidanova, S., Paprzycki, M., 2013. Population Size Influence on the Genetic and Ant Algorithms Performance in Case of Cultivation Process Modeling. Recent Advances in Computational Optimization. 580, 107–120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12631-9_7

[23] Jaen-Cuellar, A.Y., Romero-Troncoso, J.R., Morales-Velazquez, L., et al., 2013. PID-Controller Tuning Optimization with Genetic Algorithms in Servo Systems. International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems. 10(9), 324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/56697

[24] Fasina, E.T., Adebanji, B., Oyedokun, J.A., 2024. Frequency Regulation in Power Grid Solar PV and Energy Storage. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development. 9(1), 67–71.

[25] Yuan, X., Elhoseny, M., El-Minir, H.K., et al., 2016. A Genetic Algorithm-Based Dynamic Clustering Method towards Improved WSN Longevity. Journal of Network and Systems Management. 25, 21–46. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10922-016-9379-7

[26] Ding, Y., Fu, X., 2016. Kernel-Based Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Algorithm Based on Genetic Algorithm. Neurocomputing. 188, 233–238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2015.01.106

[27] Shakeri, S., Naghizadeh, M., Esmaeili, S., 2020. Identifying the Voltage Sags Vulnerability Area with Considering FACTS Devices. In Proceedings of the 2020 28th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering, Tabriz, Iran, 4–6 August 2020; pp. 1–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEE50131.2020.9260705

[28] Shakeri, S., Khajouei, J., Esmaeili, S., 2022. Technical and Economic Analysis of Voltage Sags Mitigation Methods. In Proceedings of the 2022 30th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Tehran, Iran, 17–19 May 2022; pp. 305–309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEE55646.2022.9827448

Downloads

How to Cite

Aborisade, D. O., Okelola, M. O., Okoko , O., & Oyedokun, J. A. (2026). Intelligent GA-PID Control of STATCOM for Voltage Sag Mitigation in Transmission Lines. Journal of Electronic & Information Systems, 8(1), 64–79. https://doi.org/10.30564/jeis.v8i1.12865

Issue

Vol. 8 , Iss. 1 (April 2026): In Progress

Article Type

ARTICLE

License

Copyright © 2026 David Oluwagbemiga Aborisade, Muniru Olajide Okelola, Onmoke Okoko, Jelili Aremu Oyedokun

Creative Commons License

This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC