Eco-Friendly Amylase Production and Immobilization on Macadamia Based Carbon Using Aspergillus niger

Authors

  • Farah Salma Elida

    Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jember University, Jember, 68121, Indonesia
  • Siswoyo
  • Purwatiningsih

    Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jember University, Jember, 68121, Indonesia
  • Sutoyo

    Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jember University, Jember, 68121, Indonesia
  • Bambang Trianto

    PT Perkebunan Nusantara I Regional 5, Blawan Plantation Unit, Kali Anyar Village, Ijen Subdistrict, Bondowoso, Indonesia
  • Rudju Winarsa

    Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jember University, Jember, 68121, Indonesia
  • Andre Krestianto

    PT Perkebunan Nusantara I Regional 5, Blawan Plantation Unit, Kali Anyar Village, Ijen Subdistrict, Bondowoso, Indonesia
  • Kahar Muzakhar

    Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Jember University, Jember, 68121, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30564/jees.v7i7.10349
Received: 4 June 2025 | Revised: 12 June 2025 | Accepted: 17 June 2025 | Published Online:30 June 2025

Abstract

This study demonstrates the valorization of macadamia nutshells, a lignocellulosic agricultural waste, as both a carbon source for amylase production and a support matrix for enzyme immobilization. Under optimized solid-state fermentation conditions, Aspergillus niger ICP2 synthesized amylase with a peak activity of 0.312 U/mL after 72 hours. A four-step purification process of the crude enzyme extract resulted in a 188.54-fold increase in specific activity, albeit with a final recovery yield of 0.0031%. In parallel, nutshells were carbonized at 600 °C, 700 °C, and 800 °C, then chemically activated with ZnCl2. The carbon derived at 700°C exhibited superior physicochemical characteristics, including enhanced porosity and increased availability of functional groups, which enabled effective enzyme adsorption, improved catalytic performance, and enhanced reusability. Immobilized amylase on this support retained approximately 30% of its initial activity after five hydrolysis cycles, demonstrating moderate operational reusability and potential for repeated use in bioprocesses. In contrast, carbon materials from 600 °C and 800 °C showed lower stability and enzyme performance. These findings highlight the critical role of carbonization conditions in designing effective immobilization matrices and underscore the potential of macadamia nutshells as a renewable and sustainable resource for biocatalyst development. This "biowaste-to-biocatalyst" strategy exemplifies a circular bioeconomy model with implications for green chemistry, industrial biocatalysis, and environmental sustainability.

Keywords:

Macadamia Nutshell Waste; Activated Carbon; Amylase; Immobilization; Reusability

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Farah Salma Elida, Siswoyo, Purwatiningsih, Sutoyo, Bambang Trianto, Rudju Winarsa, Andre Krestianto, & Kahar Muzakhar. (2025). Eco-Friendly Amylase Production and Immobilization on Macadamia Based Carbon Using Aspergillus niger. Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences, 7(7), 73–85. https://doi.org/10.30564/jees.v7i7.10349

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