Putri Ida Sunaryathy Samad
Department of Electronics Engineering, Makassar State University, Makassar 90222, Indonesia
Dewiani Jamaluddin
Department of Electrical Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
Alimuddin Sa'ban Miru
Department of Electrical Engineering, Makassar State University, Makassar 90222, Indonesia
Mithen Lullulangi
Department of Civil Engineering, Education and Planning, Makassar State University, Makassar 90222, Indonesia
Urban air quality degradation from rising CO₂ is acute in rapidly developing tropical cities such as Makassar, Indonesia. We deploy a drone-based Internet of Things (IoT) platform for real-time CO₂ monitoring, integrating low-cost sensors (NDIR, MQ135, MG811) on a DJI Phantom 4 with cloud streaming to Firebase. Measurements were collected at five sites, namely Jl. AP. Pettarani, Jl. Ahmad Yani, Jl. Sultan Hasanuddin, Jl. Nusantara, and KIMA at 08:00, 12:00, and 16:00 in September 2024 while vertically profiling 1–20 m with three repeat flights per site and time. Descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD assessed spatio-temporal differences; Pearson correlation quantified cross-sensor agreement. Results show marked spatial and diurnal variability: Jl. AP. Pettarani exhibits the highest mean concentration (442.5 ppm), likely due to flyover-induced trapping, whereas Jl. Ahmad Yani records the lowest (390.0 ppm). Vertical profiles reveal mid-altitude peaks in street-canyon and industrial settings, and dilution with height in greener areas, indicating ventilation contrasts. Preprocessing removed outliers and applied temperature-humidity corrections to low-cost sensors. Differences across locations and times are statistically significant (p < 0.05), and cross-sensor correlations are strong (r ≈ 0.88–0.96) after correction. Compared with fixed ground stations, the system provides fine-scale three-dimensional coverage and real-time visualization useful for field decisions. Limitations include payload-constrained endurance and intermittent data loss in obstructed areas. Findings support targeted interventions, improving canyon ventilation around flyovers and expanding urban greenery relevant to Makassar and similar tropical cities.
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Copyright © 2025 Putri Ida Sunaryathy Samad, Dewiani Jamaluddin, Alimuddin Sa'ban Miru, Mithen Lullulangi
This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.
