Spatial Analysis of Atmospheric Carbon Oxides and Their Effect on Air Temperature over Iraq

Authors

  • Mustafa Ahmed Aljaff

    Department of Physics, College of Education for Pure Sciences, Kirkuk University, Kirkuk 36001, Iraq
  • Haifa Mohammed Ben Miloud

    Department of Atmospheric Science, Faculty of Science, University of Tripoli, Tripoli 10280, Libya
  • Zaher Hamdy Al Abadla

    Palestinian Meteorological Department, Ministry of Transport, Gaza Strip 891, Palestine

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30564/jees.v8i4.11392
Received: 16 December 2025| Revised: 7 March 2026 | Accepted: 10 March 2026 | Published Online: 22 April 2026

Abstract

This study focused on the concentration of carbon oxides (CO and CO₂) and temperature in Iraq, using satellite remote sensing data from 2003 to 2024. It showed hot and cold spots in different locations in Iraq, and these spots are the result of the standard deviation of both carbon dioxide and temperature, showing the strong and weak correlation. The analysis of CO revealed spatial variations, with a strong correlation coefficient of approximately 0.63 in Basra and a significance level of 0.01. In Baghdad, the correlation reached 0.73, but not at a significant level, despite the standard deviation of CO being approximately 3.787. This CO is a product of fuel combustion, transportation, and other activities. Conversely, there was a weak, positive correlation between temperature and carbon dioxide. Hot spots emerged in Maysan Wasit, showing strong positive and positive correlations between temperature and carbon dioxide, with correlation coefficients of 1.208 and 1.134, respectively. Cool spots were also found in the north, exhibiting a moderate to weak positive correlation between temperature and carbon dioxide, resulting in negative deviations for both carbon oxides and temperature. This is attributed to the vegetation cover characteristic of the northern regions. This indicates that, over time, without alternative energy sources such as renewables, carbon oxides will have a significant impact on future temperatures in Iraq due to human activity and the burning of fuels, oil and gases.

Keywords:

Carbon Oxides; Air Temperature; Spatial Correlation; Iraq

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How to Cite

Ahmed Aljaff, M., Mohammed Ben Miloud, H., & Hamdy Al Abadla, Z. (2026). Spatial Analysis of Atmospheric Carbon Oxides and Their Effect on Air Temperature over Iraq. Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences, 8(4), 246–259. https://doi.org/10.30564/jees.v8i4.11392

Issue

Vol. 8 , Iss. 4 (April 2026)

Article Type

Article

License

Copyright © 2026 Mustafa Ahmed Aljaff, Haifa Mohammed Ben Miloud, Zaher Hamdy Al Abadla

Creative Commons License

This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.

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