Interpreting the Geomorphology of Carolina Bays as Secondary Impact Structures

Authors

  • Christopher Cottrell

    Department of Secondary Science and Earth Systems, Camden County Schools, Kingsland, GA 31548, USA
  • Antonio Zamora

    Zamora Consulting, LLC, Bethesda, MD 20816, USA

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30564/jees.v7i6.8876
Received: 25 February 2025 | Revised: 9 April 2025 | Accepted: 15 April 2025 | Published Online: 29 May 2025

Abstract

This study examines the Carolina Bays and Nebraska Rainwater Basins, using high-resolution LiDAR elevation models to analyze their unique shapes. The research reveals that well-preserved Bays exhibit precise elliptical geometry, distinguishing them from various oriented lakes they are often compared to. While the timing of their formation is discussed, the primary goal of this paper is to establish a repeatable method for quantifying the elliptical nature of these dominant geomorphic landforms. By applying the least squares method to points selected along the perimeters of these extraordinary basins, the study confirms their elliptical geometry with an error margin of less than 3%. This rigorous mathematical approach sets a high standard for any hypothesis attempting to explain the origin of these depressions using natural environmental conditions. Notably, the long axes of these elliptical basins converge near the Great Lakes region, and since ellipses can be described as conic sections, this finding supports the plausibility of a cosmic impact origin. The study suggests that these basins may be secondary impact features formed during a past glacial cycle of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. This research establishes a strong mathematical foundation to support future studies on the possible impact origin of the Carolina Bays and Nebraska Rainwater Basins.

Keywords:

Carolina Bays; Nebraska Rainwater Basins; Oblique Impacts; Penetration Funnels; Elliptical Basins; Conical Cavities; Thermokarst; LiDAR

References

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How to Cite

Cottrell, C., & Zamora, A. (2025). Interpreting the Geomorphology of Carolina Bays as Secondary Impact Structures. Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences, 7(6), 111–124. https://doi.org/10.30564/jees.v7i6.8876

Issue

Vol. 7 , Iss. 6 (June 2025): In Progress

Article Type

Article

License

Copyright © 2025 Christopher Cottrell, Antonio Zamora

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This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.

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