Azwifunimunwe Tshikovhi
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida 1709, South Africa
Mokgaotsa. J. Mochane
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida 1709, South Africa
Pauline Ncube
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida 1709, South Africa
Tshwafo E. Motaung
Department of Chemistry, Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, P. O. Box 94, Medunsa 0204, South Africa
Sustainable alternatives have grown more prevalent due to an urgent need to address climate change, environmental degradation, and the depletion of non-renewable resources. As an inexhaustible and renewable resource, biomass has become an attractive option for energy production within the framework of a circular economy that emphasizes resource efficiency and environmental sustainability. Various kinds and sources of biomass, from forestry waste and agricultural residue to animal dung and microalgae, are fully explored in this mini review, along with their potential for biofuel production in both developed and developing countries. The processes for thermochemical and biochemical conversion, the sustainability of using biomass, and the socioeconomic advantages, especially for African countries, are highlighted. Key case studies demonstrating the value and potential of biomass waste in promoting sustainable energy transitions worldwide are also discussed in this review. Despite its potential, the use of biomass is restricted due to challenges including low conversion efficiency, high transportation costs, seasonal variability, and insufficient advancements in technology. Nonetheless, biomass offers an innovative approach for developing an environmentally friendly, efficient, and low-carbon economy that promotes sustainable development and energy security. Holistic approaches, such as increased regional cooperation, capacity building, technical innovation, and policy reform, must be implemented to address existing challenges.
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Copyright © 2025 Azwifunimunwe Tshikovhi, Mokgaotsa. J. Mochane, Pauline Ncube, Tshwafo E. Motaung
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