Valorization of Construction and Industrial Waste in Concrete: Mechanical, Durability, and Sustainability Perspectives

Authors

  • Rayyan Mohammed Al Saqry

    Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East College, Muscat 124, Oman
  • Kiran Kumar Poloju

    Department of Civil Engineering, Middle East College, Muscat 124, Oman

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30564/jbms.v8i1.12393
Received: 9 October 2025 | Revised: 7 January 2026 | Accepted: 29 January 2026 | Published Online: 16 March 2026

Abstract

The present review is a critical synthesis of the latest developments in the utilization of various wastes such as ceramic, marble, glass, rubber tire, paper industry, etc. and incorporates their mechanical, durability, microstructural, and sustainability performance among waste chemistry, hydration processes, interfacial transition zone modification, and long-term performance. The focus is laid on resistance to chloride ingress, sulphate and acid assault, freeze–thaw cycling, carbonation, and alkali-silica reaction. The results of life-cycle assessment are compared with standardized functional units to measure the benefits to the environment. The results have shown that ceramic and finely ground glass wastes are pozzolanic reactive wastes, which enhance secondary C–S/C–A–S/H reaction and augment densification of the matrix. Marble powder is mainly used as a filler and nucleation agent that enhances refinement and strength of pores in the case of additional cementitious materials. Rubber wastes enhance ductility, impact strength, and freeze-thaw properties at the cost of compressive strength, whereas recycled aggregates aid circular flow materials even though there are problems concerning porosity and interfacial weakness. In general, optimized waste-based concrete has potential CO2 and material reduction of up to 20–25 in comparison with standard ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete. Nevertheless, there are challenges associated with the heterogeneity of waste, the absence of standard guidelines in mix design, and the scarcity of works with respect to coupled durability exposure. This review marks these gaps as critical and defines the future research directions in order to achieve the large-scale use of waste-derived low-carbon concrete to develop sustainable infrastructures.

Keywords:

Low-Carbon Concrete; Industrial Waste; Construction Waste; Durability; Microstructure; Sustainability; Circular Economy

References

[1] Mehta, P.K., Monteiro, P.J.M., 2014. Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA.

[2] Neville, A.M., 2011. Properties of Concrete, 5th ed. Pearson Education: London, UK.

[3] Miller, S.A., Moore, F.C., 2020. Climate and Health Damages from Global Concrete Production. Nature Climate Change. 10, 439–443.

[4] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2022. Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. IPCC: Geneva, Switzerland.

[5] Global Cement and Concrete Association (GCCA), 2021. Concrete Future: The GCCA 2050 Cement and Concrete Industry Roadmap for Net Zero Concrete. GCCA: London, UK.

[6] Bates-Eamer, N., Carin, B., Lee, M.H., et al., 2012. Post-2015 Development Agenda: Goals, Targets and Indicators. The Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI): Waterloo, ON, Canada. Available from: https://www.cigionline.org/static/documents/mdg_post_2015v3.pdf

[7] Siddique, R., 2008. Waste Materials and By-Products in Concrete. Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74294-4

[8] Pacheco-Torgal, F., Jalali, S., 2010. Reusing Ceramic Wastes in Concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 24(5), 832–838. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.10.023

[9] Meyer, C., 2009. The Greening of the Concrete Industry. Cement and Concrete Composites. 31(8), 601–605. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.12.010

[10] Silva, R.V., de Brito, J., Dhir, R.K., 2014. Properties and Composition of Recycled Aggregates from Construction and Demolition Waste Suitable for Concrete Production. Construction and Building Materials. 65, 201–217. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.117

[11] Medina, C., Frías, M., Sánchez de Rojas, M.I., 2012. Microstructure and Properties of Recycled Concretes Using Ceramic Sanitary Ware Industry Waste as Coarse Aggregate. Construction and Building Materials. 31, 112–118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.075

[12] Corinaldesi, V., Moriconi, G., Naik, T.R., 2010. Characterization of Marble Powder for Its Use in Mortar and Concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 24(1), 113–117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.08.013

[13] Thomas, B.S., Gupta, R.C., Panicker, V.J., 2016. Recycling Waste Tire Rubber in Concrete: Durability-Related Performance. Journal of Cleaner Production. 112, 504–513. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.046

[14] Shao, Y., Lefort, T., Moras, S., et al., 2000. Studies on Concrete Containing Ground Waste Glass. Cement and Concrete Research. 30(1), 91–100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00213-6

[15] Schwarz, N., Cam, H., Neithalath, N., 2008. Influence of a Fine Glass Powder on the Durability Characteristics of Concrete and Its Comparison to Fly Ash. Cement and Concrete Composites. 30(6), 486–496. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.02.001

[16] Rao, A.U., Shetty, P.P., Bhandary, R.P., et al., 2024. Assessment of Fly Ash and Ceramic Powder Incorporated Concrete with Steam-Treated Recycled Concrete Aggregates Prioritising Nano-Silica. Emergent Materials. 7, 443–472. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-024-00639-8

[17] Aliabdo, A.A., Abd Elmoaty, A.M., Auda, E.M., 2014. Re-Use of Waste Marble Dust in the Production of Cement and Concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 50, 28–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.005

[18] Hou, W., Zhang, Q., Zhuang, Z., et al., 2024. Sustainable Reusing Marble Powder and Granite Powder in Cement-Based Materials: A Review. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering. 12(7), 2484–2510. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c06670

[19] Siddique, R., Naik, T.R., 2004. Properties of Concrete Containing Scrap-Tire Rubber—An Overview. Waste Management. 24(6), 563–569. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2004.01.006

[20] Topcu, I.B., 1995. The Properties of Rubberized Concretes. Cement and Concrete Research. 25(2), 304–310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00014-3

[21] Guelmine, L., 2022. The Freeze–Thaw Durability of Concrete Containing the Rubber Aggregate of Tire Waste. Research on Engineering Structures and Materials. 8(2), 253–264. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17515/resm2022.371ma1207

[22] Limbachiya, M.C., Leelawat, T., Dhir, R.K., 2000. Use of Recycled Concrete Aggregate in High-Strength Concrete. Materials and Structures. 33, 574–580. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02480538

[23] Forero, J.A., de Brito, J., Evangelista, L., et al., 2022. Improvement of the Quality of Recycled Concrete Aggregate Subjected to Chemical Treatments: A Review. Materials. 15(8), 2740. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082740

[24] Ulubeyli, G.Ç., Cavuslu, M., Dogan, Z., et al., 2026. Sustainable Concrete Using Waste Ceramic Powder and Coal-Washed Water: Experimental Investigations and 3D Numerical Modelling of Full-Scale RC Beams. Construction and Building Materials. 507, 145082. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.145082

[25] Kou, S.C., Poon, C.S., 2012. Enhancing the Durability Properties of Concrete Prepared with Coarse Recycled Aggregate. Construction and Building Materials. 35, 69–76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.032

[26] Li, C., Li, J., Ren, Q., et al., 2023. Durability of Concrete Coupled with Life Cycle Assessment: Review and Perspective. Cement and Concrete Composites. 139, 105041. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2023.105041

[27] Habert, G., Ouellet-Plamondon, C., 2016. Recent Update on the Environmental Impact of Geopolymers. RILEM Technical Letters. 1, 17–23.

[28] Siddique, R., Khan, M.I., 2011. Supplementary Cementing Materials. Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany.

[29] Pacheco-Torgal, F., Jalali, S., Labrincha, J., et al. (Eds.), 2013. Eco-Efficient Concrete. Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK.

[30] Gupta, T., Chaudhary, S., Sharma, R.K., 2014. Assessment of Mechanical and Durability Properties of Concrete Containing Waste Rubber Tire as Fine Aggregate. Construction and Building Materials. 73, 562–574. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.102

[31] Salas, D.A., Ramirez, A.D., Ulloa, N., et al., 2018. Life Cycle Assessment of Geopolymer Concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 190, 170–177. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.09.123

[32] Li, L., Zhang, B., Joseph, P., et al., 2025. An Investigation of Macro- and Micro-Structural Properties of Concrete with Ceramic Waste Powder as a Sustainable Cement Substitute. Journal of Building Engineering. 116, 114634. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114634

[33] Miller, S.A., Horvath, A., Monteiro, P.J.M., 2018. Impacts of Booming Concrete Production on Water Resources Worldwide. Nature Sustainability. 1, 69–76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-017-0009-5

[34] Raman, S., Nateriya, R., Rathore, Y., 2025. Sustainable Concrete Incorporating Waste Glass Powder and Recycled Aggregate: Performance Evaluation. Procedia Structural Integrity. 71, 409–416. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2025.08.055

[35] Tokareva, A., Waldmann, D., 2025. Durability Assessment of Cement Mortars with Recycled Ceramic Powders. Materials. 18(18), 4420. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18184420

[36] Muhedin, D.A., Ibrahim, R.K., 2023. Effect of Waste Glass Powder as Partial Replacement of Cement & Sand in Concrete. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 19, e02512. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2023.e02512

[37] Villagrán-Zaccardi, Y.A., Marsh, A.T.M., Sosa, M.E., et al., 2022. Complete Re-Utilization of Waste Concretes—Valorisation Pathways and Research Needs. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 177, 105955. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105955

[38] Prosek, Z., Němeček, J., Záleská, M., et al., 2025. Surface Modification of Waste Glass Powder by Plasma Treatment: Impact on Cement Paste Microstructure and Strength Development. Construction and Building Materials. 485, 141693. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141693

[39] Jia, B., Peng, L., Zhao, Y., 2025. Recycling Waste Glass Powder in Lightweight Aggregate Concrete: Towards Lightweight, Sustainable and Durable Marine Engineering Structures. Construction and Building Materials. 472, 140690. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140690

[40] Navarro, R., Alcocel, E.G., Sánchez, I., et al., 2025. Waste Glass Powder as Silica Source for the Activator in the Preparation of Alkali Activated SiMn Slag Mortar. Construction and Building Materials. 475, 141237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141237

[41] Marandi, N., Shirzad, S., 2025. Sustainable Cement and Concrete Technologies: A Review of Materials and Processes for Carbon Reduction. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions. 10, 408. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-025-02213-5

[42] Roig-Flores, M., Reig, L., Albero, V., et al., 2023. Utilisation of Ceramic Stoneware Tile Waste as Recycled Aggregate in Concrete. Buildings. 13(8), 1968. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081968

[43] Tao, S., Yu, Q., Yu, Y., et al., 2025. Improvement of the Performance of Recycled Concrete Powder-Based Artificial Aggregates through Accelerated Carbonation Effect Induced by Polyethyleneimine Admixture. Construction and Building Materials. 479, 141503. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.141503

[44] Yoo, D.-Y., Banthia, N., You, I., et al., 2024. Recent Advances in Cementless Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Using Alkali-Activated Materials and Industrial Byproducts: A Review. Cement and Concrete Composites. 148, 105470. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2024.105470

[45] Rashad, A.M., Refaie, F.A.Z., Mokhtar, M.M., 2024. Waste Marble Powder as a Promising Candidate for Use as a Foaming Agent for Metakaolin Geopolymer Activated with H3PO4. Construction and Building Materials. 450, 138583. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.138583

[46] Filali, S., Nasser, A., 2024. Evaluating the Impact of Marble Waste and Fly Ash as Sand Replacements on Concrete’s Compressive Strength and Workability. Engineering, Technology and Applied Science Research. 14(5), 16797–16801.

[47] Khan, K., Ahmad, W., Amin, M.N., et al., 2023. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Waste Glass Powder for the Compressive Strength Improvement of Cement Mortar Using Experimental and Machine Learning Methods. Heliyon. 9(5), e16288. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16288

[48] Kore, S.D., Rajput, B., Agarwal, A., et al., 2023. Concrete Made from Wastepaper Sludge (WPS): A Sustainable Material. Technological Sustainability. 2(2), 188–205. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TECHS-09-2022-0035

[49] Ravikumar, B.S., Chandra, H.S.S., Surendra, H.J., 2025. Wastepaper Sludge Ash as a Pozzolanic Material: Enhancing Concrete Performance and Sustainability. Journal of Building Rehabilitation. 10, 3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41024-024-00518-z

[50] Senthamarai, R.M., Manoharan, P.D., 2005. Concrete with Ceramic Waste Aggregate. Cement and Concrete Composites. 27(9–10), 910–913.

[51] Corvec, G., Artoni, R., Turcry, P., et al., 2025. Carbonation of Recycled Concrete Aggregate in a Fixed-Bed Reactor: Effects of Temperature, Initial Water Saturation Degree and Particle Size. Journal of CO2 Utilization. 102, 103286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcou.2025.103286

[52] Park, S.B., Lee, B.C., Kim, J.H., 2004. Studies on Mechanical Properties of Concrete Containing Waste Glass Aggregate. Cement and Concrete Research. 34(12), 2181–2189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.02.006

[53] Kou, S.C., Poon, C.S., 2009. Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Prepared with Recycled Glass Aggregate. Cement and Concrete Composites. 31(2), 107–113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.12.002

[54] Wang, C., Yuan, J., Zhang, Y., et al., 2025. Advanced In-Situ 4D CT Reconstruction for Exploring Fiber Distribution Effects on the Mechanical Behaviors and Interface Optimization of Carbonated High-Toughness Recycled Aggregate Concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 473, 140941. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140941

[55] Yu, Z., Wen, B., Wang, H., 2025. Study on the Bonding Properties of Dual-Substitution Waste Glass Concrete with Steel Bars. Construction and Building Materials. 473, 140999. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140999

[56] Wang, L., Lu, Q., Liu, J., et al., 2025. Insight into Mechanical Properties and Damaging Evolution of Base Materials Incorporating 80% Phosphogypsum for Pavement Application. Construction and Building Materials. 488, 142032. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142032

[57] Ng, C.W.W., Qin, C.H., So, P.S., et al., 2025. Coupled Influences of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Bacillus mucilaginosus on the Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 492, 142783. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142783

[58] Gomes, H.C., da Silva Bezerra, A.C., de Souza Rodrigues, C., et al., 2025. Carbonation for Enhancement of Fine Recycled Aggregate Applied to Mortar. Cleaner Waste Systems. 12, 100413. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clwas.2025.100413

[59] Evangelista, L., de Brito, J., 2007. Mechanical Behaviour of Concrete Made with Fine Recycled Concrete Aggregates. Cement and Concrete Composites. 29(5), 397–401. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.12.004

[60] Hu, R., Zhou, Y., Xing, F., et al., 2025. Strategies to Improve the Life Cycle Net CO2 Benefit of Carbonated Recycled Aggregate Concrete. Engineering. in Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2024.11.040

[61] Ishaq, M.B., Mohammed, A.S., Mohammed, A.A., 2026. Mechanical Performance and Microstructural Characterization of Concrete Incorporating Waste Glass Powder. Materials Research Bulletin. 196, 113905. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2025.113905

[62] Bameri, M., Mohammadhasani, M., Khaloo, A., et al., 2025. Influence of Waste Glass Powder as a Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM) on the Mechanical Properties, Expansion, Environmental Impact, and Microstructure of Cementitious Mortar. Engineering Reports. 7(6), e70238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/eng2.70238

[63] Zhang, Z., Sun, L., Pei, Z., et al., 2023. New Insight into the Adsorption of Sulfadiazine on Graphite-Like Biochars Prepared at Different Pyrolytic Temperatures. Journal of Cleaner Production. 413, 137468. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137468

[64] Murali, G., Hassas, N., Abdelgader, H.S., 2025. Ceramic Waste as a Sustainable Cementitious Resource: Pathways to Cleaner and High-Performance Concrete. Cleaner Materials. 18, 100352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2025.100352

[65] Ghazy, M.F., Maaty, E.S.A., Abd Elaty, M., et al., 2025. A Comprehensive Review of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3): Environmental and Properties Benefits, Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Directions. Results in Engineering. 28, 108319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.108319

[66] Boakye, K., Khorami, M., 2025. Effect of Low-Grade Calcined Clay on the Durability Performance of Blended Cement Mortar. Buildings. 15(7), 1159. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071159

[67] Poloju, K.K., Annadurai, S., Manchiryal, R.K., et al., 2023. Analysis of Rheological Characteristic Studies of Fly-Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete. Buildings. 13(3), 811. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030811

[68] Shafique, A., Ihsan, A., Javed, M.F., 2023. Efficiency and Sustainability: Enhancing Mortar Mixtures with Wastepaper Sludge Ash. Engineering Proceedings. 44(1), 13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023044013

[69] Nassiri, S., Butt, A.A., Zarei, A., et al., 2025. Opportunities for Supplementary Cementitious Materials from Natural Sources and Industrial Byproducts: Literature Insights and Supply Assessment. Buildings. 15(17), 3099. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15173099

[70] Poloju, K.K., Srinivasu, K., 2021. Impact of GGBS and Strength Ratio on Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Concrete under Ambient Curing and Oven Curing. Materials Today: Proceedings. 42(2), 962–968. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.11.934

[71] Bentz, D.P., 2008. A Review of Early-Age Properties of Cement-Based Materials. Cement and Concrete Research. 38(2), 196–204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.09.005

[72] Zhang, Z., Angst, U., Troian, V., et al., 2025. Durability Performance of Concrete Incorporating Carbonated Recycled Coarse Aggregates: A Review. npj Materials Sustainability. 3, 27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s44296-025-00071-x

[73] Liu, K., Fu, K., Sang, Y., et al., 2024. Frost Resistance of Recycled Aggregate Concrete: A Critical Review. Journal of Building Engineering. 90, 109450. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109450

[74] Jamil, S., Idrees, M., Akbar, A., et al., 2025. Investigating the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Carbonated Recycled Aggregate Concrete and Its Performance with SCMs. Buildings. 15(2), 201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15020201

[75] Poudel, S., Bhetuwal, U., Kharel, P., et al., 2025. Waste Glass as Partial Cement Replacement in Sustainable Concrete: Mechanical and Fresh Properties Review. Buildings. 15(6), 857. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15060857

[76] Kandarkar, P.C., V, R., Subramoniam, S., et al., 2025. Integrating Industry 4.0 and Sustainability toward Attaining Smart Manufacturing Systems. Sustainability. 17(23), 10674. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310674

[77] Poloju, K.K., Al Ajmi, Z., Annadurai, S., et al., 2025. Experimental Study on Acid Resistance of Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Fly Ash and GGBS: Towards Low-Carbon and Sustainable Construction. Buildings. 15(21), 4012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15214012

[78] Han, X., Wang, L., Chen, A., et al., 2025. Experimental and Analytical Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Rubberized Concrete Incorporating Waste Tire Crumb Rubber. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 23, e04970. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04970

[79] Abbas, M.M., Muntean, R., 2025. Predicting Mechanical Properties of Marble Powder Concrete Using Artificial Neural Networks and Blockchain-Rock for Sustainable Construction. Frontiers in Built Environment. 11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2025.1594735

[80] Nasr, D., Babagoli, R., Dehaghani, A.K., 2025. Enhancing Sustainable Concrete Using Waste Ceramic Powder and Natural Pozzolan through Experimental and Machine Learning Approaches. Scientific Reports. 15, 44198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-27964-0

[81] Ozkılıç, Y.O., Bahrami, A., Güzel, Y., et al., 2025. Waste Ceramic Powder for Sustainable Concrete Production as Supplementary Cementitious Material. Frontiers in Materials. 11, 1450824. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2024.1450824

[82] Sivasuriyan, A., Koda, E., 2025. Incorporation of Waste Glass Powder in the Sustainable Development of Concrete. Materials. 18(14), 3223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18143223

[83] Faridmer, I., Huseien, G.F., 2025. Beneficiating Ceramic Waste in Sustainable Concrete Pavement: Multi-Objective Optimization Using Artificial Neural Networks. Discover Applied Sciences. 7, 1296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-025-07381-8

[84] Khatib, Z.K., Bayomy, F.M., 1999. Rubberized Portland Cement Concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 11(3), 206–213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1999)11:3(206)

[85] Bentur, A., Mindess, S., 2006. Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Composites. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA.

[86] Richardson, I.G., 2008. The Calcium Silicate Hydrates. Cement and Concrete Research. 38(2), 137–158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.11.005

[87] Segre, N., Joekes, I., 2000. Use of Tire Rubber Particles as Addition to Cement Paste. Cement and Concrete Research. 30(9), 1421–1425. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00373-2

[88] Russo, N., Lollini, F., 2022. Effect of Carbonated Recycled Coarse Aggregates on the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Concrete. Journal of Building Engineering. 51, 104290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104290

[89] Lothenbach, B., Scrivener, K., Hooton, R.D., 2011. Supplementary Cementitious Materials. Cement and Concrete Research. 41(12), 1244–1256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.12.001

[90] Ossola, G., Wojcik, A., 2014. UV Modification of Tire Rubber for Use in Cementitious Composites. Cement and Concrete Composites. 52, 34–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.04.004

[91] Poloju, K.K., Srinivasu, K., 2022. Influence of GGBS and Concentration of Sodium Hydroxide on Strength Behavior of Geopolymer Mortar. Materials Today: Proceedings. 65(2), 702–706. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.276

[92] Habert, G., d’Espinose de Lacaillerie, J.B., Roussel, N., 2011. An Environmental Evaluation of Geopolymer Based Concrete Production: Reviewing Current Research Trends. Journal of Cleaner Production. 19(11), 1229–1238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.03.012

[93] Guo, H., Shi, C., Guan, X., et al., 2018. Durability of Recycled Aggregate Concrete—A Review. Cement and Concrete Composites. 89, 251–259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.03.008

[94] Deepti, Y., Kumar, S., Bandyopadhyay, A., et al., 2026. Synergic Utilization of Waste Glass Powder for Fire-Resilient and Low Alkali-Activated Concrete. Scientific Reports. 16, 4989. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-35338-3

[95] Chand, G., Achintha, M., Wang, Y., 2025. Challenges and Opportunities in Using High Percentage Waste Glass Powder as Cement Replacement in Concrete. Materials Circular Economy. 7, 19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42824-025-00173-w

[96] Manchiryal, R.K., Poloju, K.K., Al Balushi, Y.A.A., et al., 2023. Variation of Sodium Hydroxide Concentration Impacts the Rheological Properties of Geopolymer Paste. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences. 10(1), 62–68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2023.01.009

[97] Zou, Z., Li, J., Li, J., et al., 2025. Effect of High-Volume Recycled Concrete Powder on Microstructure and Mechanical Performance of Alkali-Activated Slag Mortar Using Response Surface Approach. Structures. 79, 109515. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2025.109515

[98] Poloju, K.K., Rahul, C., Anil, V., 2018. Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC): Strength and Stress-Strain Behavior for Different Grades of Concrete. International Journal of Engineering and Technology. 7(4.5), 707–712. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.5.25064

[99] Flah, M., Marani, A., Suleiman, A.R., et al., 2026. Durability-Informed Life Cycle Assessment of Concrete through Machine Learning for Service Life Prediction. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 231, 116730. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2026.116730

[100] Wang, Y., Xiao, J., Zhang, J., et al., 2022. Mechanical Behavior of Concrete Prepared with Waste Marble Powder. Sustainability. 14(7), 4170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074170

[101] Akbar, M., Hussain, Z., Imran, M., et al., 2024. Concrete Matrix Based on Marble Powder, Waste Glass Sludge, and Crumb Rubber: Pathways towards Sustainable Concrete. Frontiers in Materials. 10, 1329386. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2023.1329386

[102] Abbas, M.M., Muntean, R., 2025. Marble Powder as a Sustainable Cement Replacement: A Review of Mechanical Properties. Sustainability. 17(2), 736. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020736

[103] Freitas, T.O.G., Dias, G.S., Borges, A.L., et al., 2024. Evaluation of Glass Powder in the Mitigation of the Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR). Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais. 17(5), e17504. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-41952024000500004

[104] Guendouz, M., Boukhelkhal, D., 2018. Recycling Rubber Waste in Sand Concrete. Journal of Building Materials and Structures. 4(2), 42–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.34118/jbms.v4i2.30

[105] Moolchandani, K., Sharma, A., Kishan, D., 2024. Enhancing Concrete Performance with Crumb Rubber and Waste Materials: A Study on Mechanical and Durability Properties. Buildings. 14(1), 161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010161

[106] Ali, S.A., Cancino Arevalo, P., Zaman, M., et al., 2025. Durability of Recycled Concrete Aggregate as a Pavement Base Material Including Drainage: A Laboratory and Simulation Study. Sustainability. 17(13), 6050. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136050

[107] Hu, Y., Duan, F., Zheng, M., et al., 2025. Deterioration and Damage Mechanisms of Concrete under High-Temperature and Sulfate-Rich Environments. Journal of Building Engineering. 114, 114221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114221

[108] Sun, H., Lin, T., Ma, C., et al., 2025. Sulfate Resistance Optimization of Supersulfated and Portland Slag Cement in Ternary Slag-Anhydrite-Clinker System. Journal of Building Engineering. 113, 114088. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2025.114088

[109] Shi, C., Zheng, K., 2007. A Review on the Use of Waste Glasses in Production of Cement and Concrete. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 52(2), 234–247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.01.013

[110] Grinys, A., Balamurugan, M., Augonis, A., et al., 2021. Mechanical Properties and Durability of Rubberized and Glass Powder Modified Rubberized Concrete for Whitetopping Structures. Materials. 14(9), 2321. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14092321

[111] Poloju, K.K., Srinivasu, K., Vara Laxmi, T.V.S., et al., 2022. Method of Determining Characteristics of Geopolymer Concrete under Elevated Temperatures. NeuroQuantology. 20(10), 11063–11071. Available from: https://www.neuroquantology.com/media/article_pdfs/11063-11071.pdf

[112] Grigorjev, V., Azenha, M., De Belie, N., 2025. Towards Sustainable Masonry Construction Through Natural Aggregate Replacement by Fine Recycled Aggregates in Cement-Lime Mortars. Sustainability. 17(3), 1269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031269

[113] Neville, A.M., 1995. Chloride Attack of Reinforced Concrete: An Overview. Materials and Structures. 28, 63–70. Available from: https://www.germanninstruments.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rct_1.1.pdf

[114] Rafi, M., Poloju, K.K., Tarin, M., et al., 2025. Low-Carbon Concrete: A Comprehensive Review of Strategies for Reducing the Construction Industry’s Environmental Impact. Journal of Building Material Science. 7(4), 162–179. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/jbms.v7i4.12043

[115] Galvez-Martos, J.-L., Al-Hashimi, A., Elhoweris, A., et al., 2026. Eco-Efficiency and Environmental Trade-Offs of Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement Using a Large-Scale Parametric LCA Model. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 229, 108826. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2026.108826

[116] Al-Fakih, A., Odeh, A., Mahamood, M.A.A., et al., 2023. Review of the Properties of Sustainable Cementitious Systems Incorporating Ceramic Waste. Buildings. 13(8), 2105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13082105

[117] Kirane, S., Melais, F.-Z., Arabi, N., et al., 2025. Effects of Aggregate Size and Glass Powder Fineness on the Performance and Durability of Self-Compacting Concrete with Recycled Laminated Glass. Research Square. in Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6397303/v1

[118] Lu, D., Qu, F., Zhang, C., et al., 2024. Innovative Approaches, Challenges, and Future Directions for Utilizing Carbon Dioxide in Sustainable Concrete Production. Journal of Building Engineering. 97, 110904. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.110904

[119] Alawi Al-Naghi, A.A., Alashker, Y., Salmi, A., et al., 2025. Durability and Strength Development of Recycled Aggregate Concrete with Binary, Ternary, and Multi-Blended SCMs under Hot-Water Curing. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 23, e05457. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e05457

[120] Evangelista, L., de Brito, J., 2010. Durability Performance of Concrete Made with Fine Recycled Concrete Aggregates. Cement and Concrete Composites. 32(1), 9–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.09.005

[121] Jiang, Y., Tam, V.W.Y., Jiang, C., et al., 2025. A Review on Mechanical Properties and Durability of Recycled Coarse Aggregate Concrete Exposed to Elevated Temperatures. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 217, 115730. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115730

[122] Topçu, İ., Demir, A., 2007. Durability of Rubberized Mortar and Concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 19(2), 173–178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:2(173)

[123] Gupta, S.D., Zayed, A., Ferraro, C., 2025. Sulfate Durability of Type, Slag Blended Cement under Different Curing Exposures. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 37(12). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/JMCEE7.MTENG-20938

[124] Zhong, C., Wang, D., Zhang, L., et al., 2024. Durability Analysis of Metakaolin Recycled Concrete under Sulphate Dry and Wet Cycle. Scientific Reports. 14, 16435. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-66803-6

[125] Baščarevć, Z., 2015. The Resistance of Alkali-Activated Cement-Based Binders to Chemical Attack. In: Pacheco-Torgal, F., Labrincha, J.A., Leonelli, C., et al. (Eds.). Handbook of Alkali-Activated Cements, Mortars and Concretes. Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK. pp. 373–396. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1533/9781782422884.3.373

[126] Sharma, N., Thakur, M.S., 2024. Marble Powder. In: Aggarwal, Y., Aggarwal, P., Sihag, P., et al. (Eds.). Alternative Cementitious Materials for Self-Compacting Concrete. Woodhead Publishing: Cambridge, UK. pp. 135–152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-95139-5.00010-2

[127] Ahmadi, M., Abdollahzadeh, E., Kashfi, M., et al., 2025. Life Cycle Assessment and Performance Evaluation of Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating Waste Marble Powder and Aggregates. Materials. 18(13), 2982. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18132982

[128] Wu, L., Li, R., Zhu, Z., et al., 2025. Effects of Elevated Temperature on Rubber Concrete: Fracture Properties and Mechanism Analysis. Construction and Building Materials. 466, 140263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140263

[129] Leemann, A., Moro, F., 2016. Carbonation of Concrete: The Role of CO2 Concentration, Relative Humidity and CO2 Buffer Capacity. Materials and Structures. 50, 30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-016-0917-2

[130] Tanash, A.O., Muthusamy, K., Budiea, A.M.A., et al., 2023. A Review on the Utilization of Ceramic Tile Waste as Cement and Aggregates Replacement in Cement Based Composite and a Bibliometric Assessment. Cleaner Engineering and Technology. 17, 100699. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2023.100699

[131] Anjos, M.A.S.d., Camões, A., Malheiro, R., et al., 2025. Experimental Study of Carbonation and Chloride Resistance of Self-Compacting Concretes with a High Content of Fly Ash and Metakaolin, with and without Hydrated Lime. Materials. 18(2), 422. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18020422

[132] Tambara, L.U.D., Hirsch, A., Dehn, F., et al., 2024. Carbonation Resistance of Alkali-Activated GGBFS/Calcined Clay Concrete under Natural and Accelerated Conditions. Construction and Building Materials. 449, 138351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.138351

[133] Ren, F., Zhang, X., Ye, Y., et al., 2025. Enhancement Effect of Waste Glass Powder on the Compressive Fatigue Behavior of Concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 489, 142215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.142215

[134] Mahmood, A.H., Afroz, S., Kashani, A., et al., 2022. The Efficiency of Recycled Glass Powder in Mitigating the Alkali-Silica Reaction Induced by Recycled Glass Aggregate in Cementitious Mortars. Materials and Structures. 55, 156. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-022-01989-7

[135] Karim, M.A., Seo, Y., Alamayreh, I., et al., 2025. Optimizing the Use of Fly Ash as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate and Cement in Portland Cement Concrete Mixes. CivilEng. 6(3), 33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng6030033

[136] Al-Ruqaishi, A.Z.M., Allamki, M.S.H.A., Poloju, K.K., 2019. The Advancement of Ceramic Waste in Concrete. International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences. 6(11), 102–108. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2019.11.013

[137] Dafedar, M.M.M., Rao, B.K., Pai, B.H.V., et al., 2025. Viability of Using 100% of Recycled Concrete Aggregates for Durable Solid Masonry Blocks. Emergent Materials. 8, 6017–6037. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-025-01194-6

[138] El Naggar, H., Abu Abdo, A.M., 2023. Properties and Behavior of Rubberized Concrete Enhanced with PVA Fibers. Buildings. 13(7), 1681. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071681

[139] Fakhri, M., Javadi, S., Sedghi, R., et al., 2019. Effects of Deicing Agents on Moisture Susceptibility of the WMA Containing Recycled Crumb Rubber. Construction and Building Materials. 227, 116581. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.307

[140] da Silva Neto, J.T., Ribeiro Soares Junior, P.R., Reis, E.D., et al., 2025. Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composites: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives on Key Properties for High-Performance Design. Discover Civil Engineering. 2, 65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44290-025-00209-9

[141] Liu, H., Chen, J., Zhang, P., et al., 2026. Freeze-Thaw Behavior and Damage Prediction of Mixed Recycled Coarse Aggregate Concrete. Buildings. 16(2), 368. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16020368

[142] Glasser, F.P., Marchand, J., Samson, E., 2008. Durability of Concrete—Degradation Phenomena Involving Detrimental Chemical Reactions. Cement and Concrete Research. 38(2), 226–246. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.09.015

[143] Martinez, A., Miller, S.A., 2025. Life Cycle Assessment and Production Cost of Geopolymer Concrete: A Meta-Analysis. Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 215, 108018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.108018

[144] ISO 14040:2006. 2006. Environmental management—Life cycle assessment—Principles and framework. Available from: https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html

[145] ISO 14044:2006. 2006. Environmental management—Life cycle assessment—Requirements and guidelines. Available from: https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html

[146] Amari, S., Darestani, M., Millar, G.J., et al., 2024. Engineering and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Sustainable Zeolite-Based Geopolymer Incorporating Blast Furnace Slag. Sustainability. 16(1), 440. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su16010440

[147] Schack, T., Strybny, B., Haist, M., 2024. Improving the Early Age Strength of Eco-Efficient Mortar with Low Clinker Content Considering Binder Granulometry and Chemical Additives. Materials. 17(18), 4509. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17184509

[148] Manthos, G., Zagklis, D., Georgopoulos, C., et al., 2025. Life Cycle Assessment of Waste Glass Geopolymerization for the Production of Sustainable Construction Materials. Processes. 13(2), 331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13020331

[149] Ghani, A., Khan, F.A., Khan, S.W., et al., 2024. Experimental Study on the Mechanical Behavior of Concrete Incorporating Fly Ash and Marble Powder Waste. Scientific Reports. 14, 19147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-70303-y

[150] Kaya, M., Munir, M.J., Kazmi, S.M.S., et al., 2026. Valorization of Tile Waste in Geopolymer Mortars: A Sustainable Approach Using Marble Powder, Fly Ash, and Silica Fume. Powder Technology. 469(2), 121866. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121866

[151] Liu, J., Bai, X., Kong, L., et al., 2025. Water Use Efficiency Assessment of Cement Production Based on Life Cycle Analysis. Sustainability. 17(18), 8225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su17188225

[152] Ramakrishnan, S., Pasupathy, K., Manalo, A.C., et al., 2025. Rheological, Mechanical and Fire Resistance Performance of Waste Glass Activated Geopolymers for Concrete 3D Printing. Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials. 14(11), 2294–2309. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2025.2529994

[153] Boutkhil, H., Fellak, S., Aouan, B., et al., 2024. Strength Characteristics and Rheological Behavior of a High Level of Fly Ash in the Production of Concrete. ACS Omega. 9(12), 14419–14428. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c00147

[154] Islam, Z.U., Farooq, S., Shoaib, M., et al., 2025. Evaluating the Mechanical Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete with Variable Coarse and Fine Aggregate Replacements. Discover Civil Engineering. 2, 174. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44290-025-00336-3

[155] Wu, L., Sun, Z., Cao, Y., 2024. Modification of Recycled Aggregate and Conservation and Application of Recycled Aggregate Concrete: A Review. Construction and Building Materials. 431, 136567. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2024.136567

[156] Singaravel, D.A., Veerapandian, P., Rajendran, S., et al., 2024. Enhancing High-Performance Concrete Sustainability: Integration of Waste Tire Rubber for Innovation. Scientific Reports. 14, 4635. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55485-9

Downloads

How to Cite

Mohammed Al Saqry, R., & Poloju, K. K. (2026). Valorization of Construction and Industrial Waste in Concrete: Mechanical, Durability, and Sustainability Perspectives. Journal of Building Material Science, 8(1), 104–129. https://doi.org/10.30564/jbms.v8i1.12393

Issue

Vol. 8, Iss. 1 (March 2026)

Article Type

Review

License

Copyright © 2026 Rayyan Mohammed Al Saqry, Kiran Kumar Poloju

Creative Commons License

This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC