Great News | Journal of Building Material Science Receives First CiteScore of 0.5!
2025-06-12
Photo Catalytic Degradation of Concrete Containing Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles—A Review
Authors
-
Jegatheeswaran Dhanapal
Department of Civil Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem 636005, India
-
Sridevi Saravanan
Department of Civil Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem 636005, India
-
Sindhuja Padmanaban
Department of Civil Engineering, Sona College of Technology, Salem 636005, India
-
Madhan Padmanaban
Department of Civil Engineering, Nehru Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641105, India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30564/jbms.v7i3.9518Abstract
Concrete is one of the key component in the construction field. The importance of concrete is because of its strength and long lasting properties. The incorporation of nano materials in concrete helps to improve the characteristics of conventional concrete. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one such nanomaterial that helps to increase the performance of concrete by enhancing self-cleaning, anti-microbial and anti-bacterial activities. This paper briefly explains about the reaction of titanium dioxide nano particle N-TiO2 on cement materials which in turn changes the mechanical and physical properties of concrete against chemical, climatic changes and abrasion. The review presented here includes the features of titanium dioxide nano particles basically, its dosage in concrete, its impact on concrete on both fresh and hardened properties, photo catalytic effect and anti-microbial. This review explores the photo catalytic degradation of concrete enhanced with N-TiO2, which presents a promising method for improving the durability and sustainability of concrete structures. The addition of N-TiO2, recognized for its photo catalytic properties when exposed to UV light, has demonstrated potential in tackling various environmental and structural challenges associated with concrete. The paper provides a detailed analysis of the mechanisms involved in the photo catalytic process, the way N-TiO2 particles aid in breaking down pollutants (including organic compounds, NOx, and CO₂), and its contributions to self-cleaning, antimicrobial functions, and the degradation of harmful pollutants.
Keywords:
Antibacterial; Concrete; Nano Titanium Dioxide; Photocatalytic Property; Self-Cleaning ConcreteReferences
[1] Tariq, S., 2024. Photocatalytic Degradation of Environmental Pollutants: Advances in Material Design. Frontiers in Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis. 1(2), 262–279. Available from: https://sprcopen.org/FCMC/article/view/96
[2] Castro-Hoyos, A.M., Rojas Manzano, M.A., Maury-Ramírez, A., 2022. Challenges and opportunities of using titanium dioxide photocatalysis on cement-based materials. Coatings. 12(7), 968. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12070968
[3] Wei, Y., Meng, H., Wu, Q., et al., 2023. TiO2-Based Photocatalytic Building Material for Air Purification in Sustainable and Low-Carbon Cities: A Review. Catalysts. 13(12), 1466. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13121466
[4] Pinho, L., Mosquera, M.J., 2013. Photocatalytic activity of TiO2–SiO2 nanocomposites applied to buildings: influence of particle size and loading. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. 134, 205–221. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.01.021
[5] Andaloro, A., Mazzucchelli, E.S., Lucchini, A., et al., 2016. Photocatalytic self-cleaning coatings for building facade maintenance. Performance analysis through a case-study application. Journal of Facade Design and Engineering. 4(3–4), 115–129. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.3233/FDE-160054
[6] Truppi, A., Luna, M., Petronella, F., et al., 2018. Photocatalytic activity of TiO2/AuNRs–SiO2 nanocomposites applied to building materials. Coatings. 8(9), 296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings8090296
[7] Shafiq, I., Hussain, M., Shehzad, N., et al., 2019. The effect of crystal facets and induced porosity on the performance of monoclinic BiVO4 for the enhanced visible-light driven photocatalytic abatement of methylene blue. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 7(4), 103265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103265
[8] Bica, B.O., de Melo, J.V.S., 2020. Concrete blocks nano-modified with zinc oxide (ZnO) for photocatalytic paving: Performance comparison with titanium dioxide (TiO2). Construction and Building Materials. 252, 119120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119120
[9] He, R., Huang, X., Zhang, J., et al., 2019. Preparation and evaluation of exhaust-purifying cement concrete employing titanium dioxide. Materials. 12(13), 2182. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12132182
[10] Chen, C., Tang, B., Cao, X., et al., 2021. Enhanced photocatalytic decomposition of NO on portland cement concrete pavement using nano-TiO2 suspension. Construction and Building Materials. 275, 122135. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.122135
[11] Sugrañez, R., Álvarez, J.I., Cruz-Yusta, M., et al., 2013. Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of NOx gases by regulating the microstructure of mortar cement modified with titanium dioxide. Building and Environment. 69, 55–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.07.014
[12] Shen, S., Burton, M., Jobson, B., et al., 2012. Pervious concrete with titanium dioxide as a photocatalyst compound for a greener urban road environment. Construction and Building Materials. 35, 874–883. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.097
[13] Shen, W., Zhang, C., Li, Q., et al., 2015. Preparation of titanium dioxide nano particle modified photocatalytic self-cleaning concrete. Journal of cleaner production. 87, 762–765. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.10.014
[14] Li, Y., Gao, Q., Xing, T., et al., 2016. Sorption and photocatalytic degradation of trichlorfon by foam concrete blended with nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 28(5), 04015200. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001505
[15] Pacheco-Torgal, F., Jalali, S., 2011. Nanotechnology: Advantages and drawbacks in the field of construction and building materials. Construction and Building Materials. 25(2), 582–590. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.07.009
[16] Wang, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, W., et al., 2015. Photocatalytic degradation and reactor modeling of 17α-ethynylestradiol employing titanium dioxide-incorporated foam concrete. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 22, 3508–3517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3573-5
[17] Chen, X.F., Kou, S.C., 2019. Sulfur dioxide degradation by composite photocatalysts prepared by recycled fine aggregates and nanoscale titanium dioxide. Nanomaterials. 9(11), 1533. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9111533
[18] Mostafa, F.E.Z.M., Smarzewski, P., El Hafez, G.M.A., et al., 2023. Analyzing the effects of nano-titanium dioxide and nano-zinc oxide nanoparticles on the mechanical and durability properties of self-cleaning concrete. Materials. 16(21), 6909. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16216909
[19] Dikkar, H., Kapre, V., Diwan, A., et al., 2021. Titanium dioxide as a photocatalyst to create self-cleaning concrete. Materials Today: Proceedings. 45, 4058–4062. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.948
[20] Awadalla, A., Zain, M.M., Kadhum, A.A.H., et al., 2011. Titanium dioxide as photocatalyses to create self-cleaning concrete and improve indoor air quality. International Journal of the Physical Sciences. 6(29), 6767–6774. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/IJPS11.254
[21] Zhang, X., Li, H., Harvey, J.T., et al., 2021. Purification effect on runoff pollution of porous concrete with nano-TiO2 photocatalytic coating. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 101, 103101. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2021.103101
[22] Diamanti, M.V., Lollini, F., Pedeferri, M.P., et al., 2013. Mutual interactions between carbonation and titanium dioxide photoactivity in concrete. Building and Environment. 62, 174–181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.01.023
[23] Liu, J., Jee, H., Lim, M., et al., 2020. Photocatalytic performance evaluation of titanium dioxide nanotube-reinforced cement paste. Materials. 13(23), 5423. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13235423
[24] Khannyra, S., Luna, M., Gil, M.A., et al., 2022. Self-cleaning durability assessment of TiO2/SiO2 photocatalysts coated concrete: Effect of indoor and outdoor conditions on the photocatalytic activity. Building and Environment. 211, 108743. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108743
[25] Guo, M.Z., Ling, T.C., Poon, C.S., 2017. Photocatalytic NOx degradation of concrete surface layers intermixed and spray-coated with nano-TiO2: Influence of experimental factors. Cement and Concrete Composites. 83, 279–289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.07.022
[26] Meng, C., Dong, P., Tian, H., et al., 2020. Photocatalytic concrete paving block reinforced by TiO2 nanotubes for NO removal. Journal of Materials Science. 55, 14280–14291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05048-w
[27] Hassan, M.M., Dylla, H., Asadi, S., et al., 2012. Laboratory evaluation of environmental performance of photocatalytic titanium dioxide warm-mix asphalt pavements. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 24(5), 599–605. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000408
[28] Lee, S.W., Ahn, H.R., Kim, K.S., et al., 2021. Applicability of TiO2 penetration method to reduce particulate matter precursor for hardened concrete road structures. Sustainability, 13(6), 3433. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063433
[29] Maury-Ramirez, A., Demeestere, K., De Belie, N., 2012. Photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide nanoparticle coatings applied on autoclaved aerated concrete: Effect of weathering on coating physical characteristics and gaseous toluene removal. Journal of hazardous materials. 211, 218–225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.037
[30] Meacock, G., Taylor, K.D.A., Knowles, M.J., et al., 1997. The improved whitening of minced cod flesh using dispersed titanium dioxide. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 73(2), 221–225, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199702)73:2<221::AID-JSFA708>3.3.CO;2-L
[31] Wu, D., Wang, Z., Pan, Y., et al., 2023. Study on the constitutive relationship between ordinary concrete and nano-titanium dioxide-modified concrete at high temperature. Materials. 16(14), 4910.
[32] Khannyra, S., Mosquera, M.J., Addou, M., et al., 2021. Cu-TiO2/SiO2 photocatalysts for concrete-based building materials: Self-cleaning and air de-pollution performance. Construction and Building Materials. 313, 125419. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125419
[33] Luo, G., Liu, H., Li, W., et al., 2020. Automobile exhaust removal performance of pervious concrete with nano TiO2 under photocatalysis. Nanomaterials. 10(10), 2088.
[34] Guo, Z., Huang, C., Chen, Y., 2020. Experimental study on photocatalytic degradation efficiency of mixed crystal nano-TiO2 concrete. Nanotechnology Reviews. 9(1), 219–229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2020-0019
[35] Hamidi, F., Aslani, F., 2019. TiO2-based photocatalytic cementitious composites: materials, properties, influential parameters, and assessment techniques. Nanomaterials. 9(10), 1444. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9101444
[36] He, K., Chen, Y., Mei, M., 2020. Study on influencing factors of photocatalytic performance of CdS/TiO2 nanocomposite concrete. Nanotechnology Reviews. 9(1), 1160–1169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2020-0074
[37] Wong, L.S., 2022. DOI: Durability performance of geopolymer concrete: A review. Polymers. 14(5), 868. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14050868
[38] Ganji, N., Allahverdi, A., Naeimpoor, F., et al., 2016. Photocatalytic effect of nano-TiO2 loaded cement on dye decolorization and Escherichia coli inactivation under UV irradiation. Research on Chemical Intermediates. 42, 5395–5412.
[39] Loh, K., Gaylarde, C.C., Shirakawa, M.A., 2018. Photocatalytic activity of ZnO and TiO2 ‘nanoparticles' for use in cement mixes. Construction and Building Materials, 167, 853–859. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.103
[40] Yousefi, A., Allahverdi, A., Hejazi, P., 2013. Effective dispersion of nano-TiO2 powder for enhancement of photocatalytic properties in cement mixes. Construction and building materials. 41, 224–230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.057
[41] Chen, J., Poon, C.S., 2009. Photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide modified concrete materials–Influence of utilizing recycled glass cullets as aggregates. Journal of environmental management. 90(11), 3436–3442. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.05.029
[42] Lucas, S.S., Ferreira, V.M., De Aguiar, J.B., 2013. Incorporation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in mortars—Influence of microstructure in the hardened state properties and photocatalytic activity. Cement and Concrete Research. 43, 112–120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.09.007
[43] Guerrini, G.L., Beeldens, A., Crispino, M., et al., 2012. Environmental benefits of innovative photocatalytic cementitious road materials. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Concrete Pavements. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33593/iccp.v10i1.426
[44] Bossa, N., Chaurand, P., Levard, C., et al., 2017. Environmental exposure to TiO2 nanomaterials incorporated in building material. Environmental pollution. 220, 1160–1170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.019
[45] Foster, H.A., Ditta, I.B., Varghese, S., et al., 2011. Photocatalytic disinfection using titanium dioxide: spectrum and mechanism of antimicrobial activity. Applied microbiology and biotechnology. 90, 1847–1868. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00253-011-3213-7
[46] Asadi, S.S., 2022. Experimental Analysis on Properties of Engineered Cementitious Composite with Reactive Nano and Micro materials. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1941025/v1
[47] Pacheco-Torgal, F., Miraldo, S., Ding, Y., et al., 2013. Targeting HPC with the help of nanoparticles: an overview. Construction and Building Materials. 38, 365–370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.013
[48] Zhang, Y., Zhou, Y., Dong, X., et al., 2024. Recent advances in TiO2-based photocatalytic concrete: Synthesis strategies, structure characteristics, multifunctional applications, and CFD simulation. Chemical Engineering Journal. 154186. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.154186
[49] Chen, M., Chu, J.W., 2011. NOx photocatalytic degradation on active concrete road surface—from experiment to real-scale application. Journal of Cleaner Production, 19(11), 1266–1272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.03.001
[50] Gopalan, A.I., Lee, J.C., Saianand, G., et al., 2020. Recent progress in the abatement of hazardous pollutants using photocatalytic TiO2-based building materials. Nanomaterials, 10(9), 1854. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10091854
[51] Staub de Melo, J.V., Trichês, G., 2018. Study of the influence of nano-TiO2 on the properties of Portland cement concrete for application on road surfaces. Road Materials and Pavement Design. 19(5), 1011–1026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2017.1285811
[52] Diamond, S.A., Kennedy, A.J., Melby, N.L., et al., 2017. Assessment of the potential hazard of nano-scale TiO2 in photocatalytic cement: application of a tiered assessment framework. NanoImpact. 8, 11–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2017.06.006
[53] Koli, V.B., Ke, S.C., 2022. Self-cleaning photoactive metal oxide-based concrete surfaces for environmental remediation. In Advances in Metal Oxides and Their Composites for Emerging Applications. Elsevier, pp. 523–547. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85705-5.00002-6
[54] Wang, D., Hou, P., Zhang, L., et al., 2018. Photocatalytic activities and chemically-bonded mechanism of SiO2@ TiO2 nanocomposites coated cement-based materials. Materials Research Bulletin. 102, 262–268. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2018.02.013
[55] Maury-Ramírez, A., Rinke, M., Blom, J., 2024. Low-Carbon Embodied, Self-Cleaning, and Air-Purifying Building Envelope Components Using TiO2 Photocatalysis, 3D Printing, and Recycling. Coatings. 14(9), 1228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14091228
[56] Wang, W., Li, X., Shen, J., et al., 2023. Feasibility of high titanium heavy slag used as aggregates for asphalt mixtures. Journal of Cleaner Production. 411, 137332. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137332
[57] Fujishima, A., Zhang, X., Tryk, D.A., 2008. TiO2 photocatalysis and related surface phenomena. Surface science reports. 63(12), 515–582. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2008.10.001
[58] Tanimola, J. O., & Efe, S. (2024). Recent Advances in Nano-Modified Concrete: Enhancing Durability, Strength, and Sustainability through Nano Silica (nS) and Nano Titanium (nT) Incorporation. Applications in Engineering Science, 100189.
[59] Jenima, J., Dharshini, M.P., Ajin, M.L., et al., 2024. A comprehensive review of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in cementitious composites. Heliyon. Available from: https://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(24)15269-3
[60] Orakzai, M.A., 2021. Hybrid effect of nano-alumina and nano-titanium dioxide on Mechanical properties of concrete. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 14, e00483. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00483
[61] Sun, J., Cao, X., Xu, Z., et al., 2020. Contribution of core/shell TiO2@ SiO2 nanoparticles to the hydration of Portland cement. Construction and Building Materials. 233, 117127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117127
[62] Sorathiya, J., Shah, S., Kacha, S., 2017. Effect on addition of nano “titanium dioxide”(TiO2) on compressive strength of cementitious concrete. Kalpa Publications in Civil Engineering. 1, 219–225. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/download/94508367/92bdcb501c54fd0eff29a58310d419a1b74b.pdf
[63] Salemi, N., Behfarnia, K., Zaree, S.A., 2014. Effect of Nanoparticles on Frost Durability of Concrete. Available from: https://www.sid.ir/en/VEWSSID/J_pdf/103820140307.pdf
[64] Ying, J., Zhou, B., Xiao, J., 2017. Pore structure and chloride diffusivity of recycled aggregate concrete with nano-SiO2 and nano-TiO2. Construction and Building Materials, 150, 49–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.168
[65] Reshma, T.V., Manjunatha, M., Bharath, A., et al., 2021. Influence of ZnO and TiO2 on mechanical and durability properties of concrete prepared with and without polypropylene fibers. Materialia. 18, 101138. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtla.2021.101138
[66] Selvasofia, S.A., Sarojini, E., Moulica, G., et al., 2022. Study on the mechanical properties of the nanoconcrete using nano-TiO2 and nanoclay. Materials Today: Proceedings. 50, 1319–1325. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.08.242
[67] Patel, N., Mishra, C.B., 2018. Laboratory Investigation of nano titanium dioxide (TiO2) in concrete for pavement. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET). 1634(8). Available from: https://www.academia.edu/download/58255727/IRJET-V5I5311.pdf
[68] Zhang, M.H., Li, H., 2011. Pore structure and chloride permeability of concrete containing nano-particles for pavement. Construction and Building materials. 25(2), 608–616. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.07.032
[69] Ren, J., Lai, Y., Gao, J., 2018. Exploring the influence of SiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 175, 277–285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.181
[70] Qian, G., Yu, H., Gong, X., et al., 2019. Impact of Nano-TiO2 on the NO2 degradation and rheological performance of asphalt pavement. Construction and Building Materials, 218, 53–63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.075
[71] Gopalakrishnan, R., Vignesh, B., Jeyalakshmi, R., 2020. Mechanical, electrical and microstructural studies on nano-TiO2 admixtured cement mortar cured with industrial wastewater. Engineering Research Express. 2(2), 025010. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ab899c
[72] Chen, L., Zhou, L., Liu, Y., et al., 2012. Toxicological effects of nanometer titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 84, 155–162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.07.019
[73] Lee, B.Y., Jayapalan, A.R., Kurtis, K.E., 2013. Effects of nano-TiO2 on properties of cement-based materials. Magazine of Concrete Research. 65(21), 1293–1302. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.13.00131
[74] Nazari, A., Riahi, S., 2011. The effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on physical, thermal and mechanical properties of concrete using ground granulated blast furnace slag as binder. Materials Science and Engineering: A. 528(4–5), 2085–2092. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2010.11.070
[75] Noorvand, H., Ali, A.A.A., Demirboga, R., et al., 2013. Incorporation of nano TiO2 in black rice husk ash mortars. Construction and Building Materials, 47, 1350–1361. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.066
[76] Praveenkumar, T.R., Vijayalakshmi, M.M., Meddah, M.S., 2019. Strengths and durability performances of blended cement concrete with TiO2 nanoparticles and rice husk ash. Construction and Building Materials. 217, 343–351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.045
[77] Salman, M.M., Eweed, K.M., Hameed, A.M., 2016. Influence of partial replacement TiO2 nanoparticles on the compressive and flexural strength of ordinary cement mortar. Nahrain University College of Engineering Journal. 19(2), 265–270. https://www.iasj.net/iasj/download/0d706b84d485a387
[78] Daniyal, M., Akhtar, S., Azam, A., 2019. Effect of nano-TiO2 on the properties of cementitious composites under different exposure environments. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. 8(6), 6158–6172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.10.010
[79] Jayapalan, A.R., Lee, B.Y., Kurtis, K.E., 2009. Effect of nano-sized titanium dioxide on early age hydration of Portland cement. In Nanotechnology in Construction 3: Proceedings of the NICOM3. Springer Berlin Heidelberg: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany. pp. 267–273. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-00980-8_35
[80] Zhang, R., Cheng, X., Hou, P., Ye, Z., 2015. Influences of nano-TiO2 on the properties of cement-based materials: Hydration and drying shrinkage. Construction and Building Materials. 81, 35–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.02.003
[81] Senff, L., Hotza, D., Lucas, S., et al., 2012. Effect of nano-SiO2 and nano-TiO2 addition on the rheological behavior and the hardened properties of cement mortars, Materials Science and Engineering A. 532, 354–361. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.10.102
[82] Sobhy, C.S., Tawfik, T.A., Abd El Hafez, G.M., et al., 2022. Insights on the influence of nano-Titanium dioxide and nano-Zinc oxide on mechanical properties and inhibiting of steel reinforcement. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 16, e01017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01017
[83] Kansal, C. M., & Goyal, R. (2021). Effect of nano silica, silica fume and steel slag on concrete properties. Materials Today: Proceedings, 45, 4535-4540.
[84] Choi, H.J., Park, J.J., Yoo, D.Y., 2021. Benefits of TiO2 photocatalyst on mechanical properties and nitrogen oxide removal of ultra-high-performance concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 285, 122921. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122921
Downloads
How to Cite
Jegatheeswaran Dhanapal, Sridevi Saravanan, Sindhuja Padmanaban, & Madhan Padmanaban. (2025). Photo Catalytic Degradation of Concrete Containing Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles—A Review. Journal of Building Material Science, 7(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.30564/jbms.v7i3.9518
Issue
Article Type
Article
License
Copyright © 2025 Jegatheeswaran Dhanapal, Sridevi Saravanan, Sindhuja Padmanaban, Madhan Padmanaban
This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.
