Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences in 2025
2026-02-06
The Effects of Sudden Storm Events on Outdoor Sporting and Leisure Activities: Risk Assessment and Adaptation Strategies
Authors
-
Rixiang Chen
School of Physical Education and Leisure, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang City 524088, China
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30564/jees.v8i7.13285Abstract
The acute and complex risks of outdoor sporting and leisure activities are caused by the rapid development of hazardous conditions, in most situations, little lead time for warning, and compound effects (e.g., lightning, extreme wind, hail, heavy rain, flash flooding, and water-based squalls). The interdisciplinary evidence in this review is synthesized by a storm-to-impact chain model of relating meteorological hazards to outcomes via intermediate processes of information, decision authority, and protective action and compliance. We come up with a typology of storm scenarios and exposure situations between fixed venues, linear path events, and distributed recreation and define critical determinants of vulnerability and adaptive capacity, such as the microgeography, shelter performance, and flow capacity, the maturity of governance, redundancy of communication, behavioral response, and equity-related constraints. The strategies of adaptation are overlaid onto the mechanisms that enhance the connections between the links in the chain, and it is important to note that corresponding individual interventions (e.g., improved nowcasting) cannot be done when other links are weak. Coherent portfolios will result in effective risk reduction through situational awareness, time-to-shelter hazard-aware triggers, and the combination of hazard-compatible shelter and movement planning with situational-aware and inclusive action-based messaging and institutionalized learning through after-action review and near-miss reporting. We suggest principles of implementation and metrics of evaluation that emphasize the performance of processes (time-to-decision, time-to-shelter, message reach and comprehension, and movement bottlenecks) as opposed to infrequent endpoint results. Missing links such as comparative efficiency of interventions, standardized reporting on disruptions and near-misses, and equity-oriented research on access to warnings, shelter viability, and adherence will remain unresolved.
Keywords:
Sudden Storms; Outdoor Recreation; Sport Safety; Risk Assessment; Adaptation StrategiesReferences
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Chen, R. (2026). The Effects of Sudden Storm Events on Outdoor Sporting and Leisure Activities: Risk Assessment and Adaptation Strategies. Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences, 8(7), 205–235. https://doi.org/10.30564/jees.v8i7.13285
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