Dorian Aliu
Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Business Administration, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale,Turkey
Hakki Cilginoglu
Faculty of Tourism, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
Armando Aliu
Centre for the Study of Global Human Movement, Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK;Faculty of Law, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Gaziantep, Turkey
This study aims to analyze inter-stakeholders’ interactions, destination governance, reverse innovation and the tasks of central government within the Turkish medical tourism market. The investigation’s objective is to shed light on scientists and practitioners regarding to what extent medical tourism is affected by stakeholders. Likewise, the originality of this investigation is that this study is the first attempt that links up reverse innovation and stakeholder approach as a holistic strategy and competitive advantage tool in medical tourism. The statistical evidences of Turkey also support the fact that the incline of medical tourism incomes and benefits is tightly bound on key inter-stakeholders’ collaborations, marketing tools, specific strategies, effective governance mechanism and cooperation with civil society organizations. This study is a thematic case that comprises particular research fields and formulates advanced arguments that are embedded in enriched relevant literature review and the highlights of the 7th International Health Tourism Congress.
[1] Aliu, A.. Hybrid structures and governance in tourism industry: regional and multi-level perspectives. In; J. Santos, F. Serra & P. Águas (Eds.). Strategies in tourism organizations and destinations: TMS conference series. Faro: ESGHT, UAlg, 2013, 65–79.
[2] Aliu, A., Cilginoglu, H., Ozkan, O. & Aliu, D.. Medical tourism market and stakeholders’ relations in turkey: a comparative investigation from destination governance viewpoint. 7th International Health Tourism Congress Program and Abstract Book, 2015, 10.
[3] Aliu, D. & Aliu, A.. Sürdürülebilir Turizm Perspektifinde Hibridite ve Paydaş Yaklaşımı: Almanya, İngiltere ve Türkiye Kıyaslamalari. Akademik Bakış, 2016, 57, 343-361.
[4] Anadolu Agency. Europeans can fill absence of russian tourists in turkey, 2015. Retrieved from: http://www.dailysabah.com/nation/2015/12/01/europeans-can-fill-absence-of-russian-tourists-in-turkey (Access Date: 1 February 2016).
[5] Aydin, D.. Turkey health tourism pocket book. Ankara: Aren Tanitim Press, 2014, 48.
[6] Baggio, R., Scott, N. & Cooper, C.. Improving tourism destination governance: a complexity science approach. Tourism Review, 2010, 65(4), 51–60.
[7] Barca, M., Akdeve, E., Balay, I. G., Sencan, I. & Aydin, D.. Evaluation report on medical tourism in turkey 2012. Ankara: RTMH.
[8] Botterill, D., Pennings, G. & Mainil, T. (Eds.). Medical tourism and transnational health care. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, 3.
[9] Bramwell, B. & Lane, B.. Critical research on the governance of tourism and sustainability. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2011, 19(4-5), 411–421.
[10] Cohen, I. G.. Patients with passports: medical tourism, law, and ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
[11] Connell, J.. Medical tourism: sea, sun, sand and … surgery. Tourism Management, 2006, 27(6), 1093–1100.
[12] Connell, J.. Medical tourism. Wallingford: CABI, 2011.
[13] Connell, J.. Contemporary medical tourism: conceptualization, culture and commodification. Tourism Management, 2013, 34, 1–13.
[14] Cooper, C., Scott, N. & Baggio, R.. Network position and perceptions of destination stakeholder importance. Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 2009, 20(1), 33–45.
[15] Daily Sabah. The number of russian tourists visiting turkey down 47 pct, 2016. Retrieved from: http://www.dailysabah.com/tourism/2016/01/28/number-of-russian-tourists-visiting-turkey-down-47-pct (Access Date: 1 February 2016).
[16] Daily Sabah & Anadolu Agency. Turkey received most tourists from germany in 2015, 2016. Retrieved from: http://www.dailysabah.com/tourism/2016/02/02/turkey-received-most-tourists-from-germany-in-2015 (Access Date: 3 February 2016).
[17] d’Angella, F. & Go, F. M.. Tale of two cities’ collaborative tourism marketing: toward a theory of destination stakeholder assessment. Tourism Management, 2009, 30, 429–440.
[18] DePasse, J. W. & Lee, P.. A model for reverse innovation in health care. Globalization and Health, 2013, 9, 40.
[19] Dredge, D. & Jamal, T.. Mobilities on the gold coast, australia: implications for destination governance and sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2013, 21(4), 557–579.
[20] Fisher, C. & Sood, K.. What is driving the growth in medical tourism? Health Marketing Quarterly, 2014, 31, 246–262.
[21] Frederick, J. R. & Gan, L. L.. East–west differences among medical tourism facilitators’ websites. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 2015, 4, 98–109.
[22] Govindarajan, V.. Reverse innovation: it all start with education. Leadership Excellence, 2014, 33.
[23] Govindarajan, V. & Ramamurti, R.. Reverse innovation, emerging markets, and global strategy. Global Strategy Journal, 2011, 1, 191–205.
[24] Govindarajan, V. & Trimble, C.. Reverse innovation: a global growth strategy that could pre-empt disruption at home. Strategy and Leadership, 2012, 40(5), 5–11.
[25] Guba, E. G.. Criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiries. ECTJ, 1981, 29(2), 75–91.
[26] Guba, E. G. & Lincoln, Y. S.. Guidelines and checklist for constructivist (a.k.a. fourth generation) evaluation, 2001. Retrieved from: https://www.wmich.edu/sites/default/files/attachments/u350/2014/constructivisteval.pdf (Access Date: 1 February 2016).
[27] Hall, C. M.. Medical tourism: the ethics, regulation, and marketing of health mobility. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013, 18.
[28] Hudson, S.. Sport and adventure tourism. Oxford: Haworth Hospitality Press, 2003.
[29] Immelt, J. R., Govindarajan, V. & Trimble, C.. How GE is disrupting itself? Harvard Business Review, 2009, 56–65.
[30] Inanır, S., Gungen, D., Aydemir, C. S. & Sancar, M. A.. Dis ekonomik iliskilerde guncel konular. Istanbul: Dis Ekonomik Iliskiler Kurulu (DEIK), 2011.
[31] Ismail, A.. Quality and accreditation in turkish hospitals. 7th International Health Tourism Congress Program and Abstract Book, 2015, 11.
[32] Istanbul Commerce University. Universitemizden 3 basarili proje daha, 2016. Retrieved from: http://www.ticaret.edu.tr/tr/Haberler/Detay/id/685 (Access Date: 1 February 2016).
[33] Joint Commission International. JCI-accredited organizations in turkey, 2016. Retrived from: http://www.jointcommissioninternational.org/aboutjci/jci-accredited-organizations/?c=Turkey&F_All=y (Access Date: 1 February 2016).
[34] Kaya, S., Yildirim, H. H., Karsavuran, S. & Ozer, O.. Evaluation report on medical tourism in turkey 2013. Ankara: RTMH, 2013, 12.
[35] Labonté, R.. Let’s make a deal: the commerce of medical tourism. In: Labonté, R., Runnels, V., Packer, C. & Deonandan, R. (Eds.). Travelling well: essays in medical tourism. Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 2013, 190-200.
[36] Lincoln, Y. S. & Guba, E. G.. Judging the quality of case study reports. Qualitative Studies in Education, 1990, 3(1), 53–59.
[37] Lunt, N., Smith, R., Exworthy, M., Green, S. T., Horsfall, D. & Mannion, R.. Medical tourism: treatments, markets and health system implications – a scoping review. Paris: OECD, 2011, 18.
[38] Lunt, N., Horsfall, D. & Hanefeld, J.. The shaping of contemporary medical tourism and patient mobility. In: Lunt, N., Horsfall, D. & Hanefeld, J. (Eds.). Handbook on medical tourism and patient mobility. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015, 3.
[39] Martinez-Alvarez, M., Smith, R. D. & Chanda, R.. The impact of medical tourism in low and middle income countries. In: Botterill, D., Pennings, G. & Mainil, T. (Eds.). Medical tourism and transnational health care. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
[40] Page, S. J.. Tourism management. (5th ed.) Oxford: Elsevier, 2015.
[41] Prahalad, C. K.. The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid. New Jersey: Wharton School Publishing, 2005, 49.
[42] Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health. 2013-2014 Medical Tourism Datasets Package of Turkey. Ankara: RTMH, 2015.
[43] Riege, A. M.. Validity and reliability tests in case study research: a literature review with “hands-on” applications for each research phase. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 2003, 6(2), 75–86.
[44] Ruhanen, L., Scott, N. Ritchie, B. & Tkaczynski A.. Governance: a review and synthesis of the literature. Tourism Review, 2010, 65(4), 4–16.
[45] Ryan, C.. Equity, management, power sharing and sustainability: issues of the new tourism. Tourism Management, 2002, 23, 17–26.
[46] Sinha, R.. Reverse innovation: a gift from developing economy to developed economy. Business Perspectives and Research, 2013, 2(1), 69–78: 71.
[47] T.C. Basbakanlik, Personel ve Prensipler Genel Mudurlugu. Saglik Turizmi Koordinasyon Kurulu (SATURK) Genelge 2015/3, No. 69471265-010-06/. Resmi Gazete, 2015, No. 29260, Retrieved from: http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskil-er/2015/02/20150207-14.html (Access Date: 1 February 2016).
[48] T.C. Kalkinma Bakanligi. 10. kalkinma plani (2014- 2018): saglik turizminin gelistirilmesi programi eylem plani. Ankara: T.C. Kalkinma Bakanligi, 2014.
[49] Turkiye Odalar & Borsalar Birligi. Saglik turizminde 2020 yılı icin 10 milyar dolar gelir hedefliyoruz, 2011. Retrieved from: http://tobb.org.tr/Sayfalar/Detay.php?rid=285&lst=MansetListesi (Access Date: 1 February 2016).
[50] Tunaligil, V.. Integrated international health services: a progressive approach. 7th International Health Tourism Congress Program and Abstract Book, 2015, 23.
[51] TURSAB. Saglik turizmi raporu, 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.tursab.org.tr/dosya/12186/saglik_turizmiraporu_12186_5485299.pdf (Access Date: 1 February 2016).
[52] Yekeler, K.. The mediating role of transactional leadership in health institutions. 7th International Health Tourism Congress Program and Abstract Book, 2015, 17.
[53] Yildirim, R.. Economic potential of health tourism in turkey. 7th International Health Tourism Congress, Istanbul: Silence Istanbul Hotel & Convention Centre, 2015.
[54] Yilmaz, C.. Medikal turizm arastirmasi: 1. bolum. Ankara: T.C. Saglik Bakanligi, 2010.
[55] Yin, R. K.. Case study research: design and methods. (5th ed.) Thousand Oaks et al: Sage, 2013, 155.
[56] Zengingonul, O., Emec, H., Iyilikci, D. E. & Bingol, P.. Saglık turizmi: istanbul’a yönelik bir değerlendirme. Ekonomistler Platformu, 2012, Retrieved from: http://www.ekonomistler.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/saglik_turizmi_rapor.pdf (Access Date: 1 February 2016).
Copyright © 2020 Author(s)
This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.
