-
2636
-
2127
-
2034
-
1226
-
939
On People’s Worries about Becoming a Victim of Events or Conditions Often Blamed on Those up There
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30564/mmpp.v5i4.5940Abstract
The authors study people’s worries about becoming victimized by events and conditions often blamed on “those up there”. Excessive worries are bad for people’s performance because they lead to risk avoidance and lower self-confidence. In two representative surveys conducted in Germany, it is found that victimization concerns are positively correlated with people’s gender, previous victimization, their estimated likelihood of being victimized, their fear of crime, their crime-avoidance behavior, their striving for tradition and security, and their negative attitudes toward crimes. Negative correlations are found for people’s education, their striving for universalism, and their social capital. When considering all predictors combined, people’s expected likelihood to become victimized is found to be the optimal predictor of victimization concerns. It is recommended that management concentrates on setting realistic levels of such risk estimates to avoid negative effects on people’s performance.
Keywords:
Worries; Concerns; Fear of crime; Performance management; Personal valuesReferences
[1] Schwartz, S.H., Sagiv, L., Boehnke, K., 2000. Worries and values. Journal of Personality. 68(2), 309-346. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00099
[2] Brosschot, J.F., Pieper, S., Thayer, J.F., 2005. Expanding stress theory: Prolonged activation and perseverative cognition. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 30(10), 1043-1049. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.04.008
[3] Bredemeier, K., Berenbaum, H., 2008. Intolerance of uncertainty and perceived threat. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 46(1), 28-38. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2007.09.006
[4] Guttman, L., 1977. What is not what in statistics. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series D (The Statistician). 26(2), 81-107.
[5] Borg, I., Bilsky, W., Hermann, D., 2020. Kriminalitätsfurcht und die Einstellung zur Sicherheitslage in der Stadt (German) [Criminality and the attitude toward the security situation in the city]. Kriminologie-Das Online-Journal| Criminology-The Online Journal. (4), 467-490. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18716/ojs/krimoj/2020.4.1
[6] Hirtenlehner, H., 2006. Kriminalitätsfurcht— Ausdruck generalisierter Ängste und schwindender Gewissheiten? (German) [Fear of crime—Expression of generalized anxiety and of diminishing certainties?]. KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie. 58, 307-331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-006-0057-y
[7] Bals, N., 2004. Kriminalität als Stress: Bedingungen der Entstehung von Kriminalitätsfurcht (German) [Criminality as stress: Conditions that generate fear of crime]. Soziale Probleme. 15(1), 54-76.
[8] Stafford, M., Chandola, T., Marmot, M., 2007. Association between fear of crime and mental health and physical functioning. American Journal of Public Health. 97(11), 2076-2081. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2006.097154
[9] Lorenc, T., Clayton, S., Neary, D., et al., 2012. Crime, fear of crime, environment, and mental health and wellbeing: Mapping review of theories and causal pathways. Health & Place. 18(4), 757-765. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.04.001
[10] Jackson, J., Gouseti, I., 2014. Fear of crime. The encyclopedia of theoretical criminology. Blackwell: London. pp. 1-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118517390.wbetc130
[11] Gabriel, U., Greve, W., 2003. The psychology of fear of crime. Conceptual and methodological perspectives. British Journal of Criminology. 43(3), 600-614. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azg600
[12] Rader, N.E., May, D.C., Goodrum, S., 2007. An empirical assessment of the “threat of victimization”: Considering fear of crime, perceived risk, avoidance, and defensive behaviors. Sociological Spectrum. 27(5), 475-505. DOI: https://doi.org/1.1080/02732170701434591
[13] Wyant, B.R., 2008. Multilevel impacts of perceived incivilities and perceptions of crime risk on fear of crime: Isolating endogenous impacts. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 45(1), 39-64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427807309440
[14] Ferraro, K.F., LaGrange, R.L., 1988. Are older people afraid of crime?. Journal of Aging Studies. 2(3), 277-287.
[15] Krannich, R.S., Berry, E.H., Greider, T., 1989. Fear of crime in rapidly changing rural communities: A longitudinal analysis. Rural Sociology. 54(2), 195.
[16] Boers, K., 1991. Kriminalitätsfurcht. Über den Entstehungszusammenhang und die Folgen eines sozialen Problems (German) [Fear of crime. On the origins and consequences of a social problem]. Centaurus: Pfaffenweiler.
[17] Borg, I., Hermann, D., 2020. Personal values of lawbreakers. Personality and Individual Differences. 164, 110104. DOI: https://doi.org/1.1016/j.paid.202.110104
[18] Bilsky, W., Hermann, D., 2016. Individual values and delinquency: On considering universals in the content and structure of values. Psychology, Crime & Law. 22(10), 921-944. DOI: https://doi.org/1.1080/1068316X.2016.1202250
[19] Borg, I., 2023. On the role of security in the system of personal values: Are conservatives prioritizing security?. Macro Management & Public Policies. 5(2), 1-13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/mmpp.v5i2.5603
[20] Kury, H., Obergfell-Fuchs, J., Ferdinand, T., 2001. Aging and the fear of crime: Recent results from East and West Germany. International Review of Victimology. 8(1), 75-112.
[21] Ziegler, R., Mitchell, D.B., 2003. Aging and fear of crime: An experimental approach to an apparent paradox. Experimental Aging Research. 29(2), 173-187. DOI: https://doi.org/1.1080/03610730390176103
[22] Bilsky, W., Wetzels, P., 1997. On the relationship between criminal victimization and fear of crime. Psychology, Crime and Law. 3(4), 309-318. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10683169708410826
[23] Kury, H., Lichtblau, A., Neumaier, A., et al., 2004. Zur Validität der Erfassung von Kriminalitätsfurcht (German) [On the validity of assessing fear of crime]. Soziale Probleme. 15, 141-165.
[24] Tulloch, M., 2000. The meaning of age differences in the fear of crime. British Journal of Criminology. 40(3), 451-467.
[25] Fattah, E.A., 1993. Research on fear of crime: Some common conceptual and measurement problems. Fear of crime and criminal victimization. Enke: Stuttgart. pp. 45-70.
[26] Schnell, R., Noack, M., 2016. Reliability and stability of the standard fear of crime indicator in a national panel over 14 years. Survey Research Methods. 10(3), 253-265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18148/srm/2016.v10i3.6714
[27] Hale, C., 1996. Fear of crime: A review of the literature. International Review of Victimology. 4(2), 79-150. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/026975809600400201
[28] Hirtenlehner, H., Hummelsheim, D., 2015. Kriminalitätsfurcht und Sicherheitsempfinden: Die Angst der Bürger vor dem Verbrechen (und dem, was sie dafür halten) (German) [Fear of crime and feelings of security: People’s fear of crimes (and of what they consider crimes)]. Viktimisierungsbefragungen in Deutschland. 1, 458-487.
[29] Reuband, K.H., 2000. Der “Standardindikator” zur Messung der Kriminalitätsfurcht-in “skandalöser Weise” unspezifisch und in der Praxis dennoch brauchbar? (German) [The “standard indicator” for measuring fear of crime-“scandalously” unspecific but still useful in practice?]. Monatsschrift für Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform. 83(3), 185-195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/mks-2000-00024
[30] Schwartz, S.H., 1992. Universals in the content and structure of values: Theory and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in experimental social psychology. Academic Press: New York.
[31] Schwartz, S.H., 2012. An overview of the Schwartz theory of basic values. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. 2(1), 11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1116
[32] Stanko, E., 2013. Intimate intrusions: Women’s experience of male violence. Routledge: London. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203521014
[33] Mark, W., 1984. Fear of victimization: Why are women and the elderly more afraid?. Social Science Quarterly. 65(3), 681.
[34] Hermann, D., Wachter, E., 2020. Pforzheimer Sicherheitsaudit 2020 (German) [Security audit 2020 in Pforzheim] [Internet]. Institut fuer Kriminologie: Uni Heidelberg. Available from: https://www.kommunale-kriminalpraevention.de/fileadmin/user_upload/kkp/pdfs/Gutachten_PF_Sicherheitsaudit-2020.pdf
[35] Hermann, D., 2003. Werte und Kriminalität. Konzeption einer allgemeinen Kriminalitätstheorie (German) [Values and criminality. Conception of a general theory of criminality]. Westdeutscher Verlag: Wiesbaden.
[36] Hermann, D., 2014. Individuelle reflexive Werte (German) [Individual reflexive values]. Zusammenstellung sozialwissenschaftlicher Items und Skalen. GESIS: Mannheim, Germany.
[37] Borg, I., Hermann, D., Bilsky, W., et al., 2019. Do the PVQ and the IRVS scales for personal values support Schwartz’s value circle model or Klages’ value dimensions model?. Measurement Instruments for the Social Sciences. 1(1), 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/1.1186/s42409-018-0004-2
[38] Borg, I., Hermann, D., 2023. Attitudes toward crime (s) and their relations to gender, age, and personal values. Current Research in Behavioral Sciences. 4, 100111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100111
[39] De Leeuw, J., Mair, P., 2009. Multidimensional scaling using majorization: SMACOF in R. Journal of Statistical Software. 31, 1-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v031.i03
[40] Mair, P., Groenen, P.J., de Leeuw, J., 2022. More on multidimensional scaling and unfolding in R: smacof version 2. Journal of Statistical Software. 102, 1-47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v102.i10
[41] Mair, P., Borg, I., Rusch, T., 2016. Goodness-of-fit assessment in multidimensional scaling and unfolding. Multivariate Behavioral Research. 51(6), 772-789.
[42] Borg, I., Mair, P., 2022. A note on Procrustean fittings of noisy configurations. Austrian Journal of Statistics. 51(4), 1-9.
[43] Borg, I., Groenen, P.J.F., Mair, P., 2018. Applied multidimensional scaling and unfolding. Springer: New York.
[44] Borg, I., Shye, S., 1995. Facet theory: Form and content. Sage: Newbury Park, CA.
[45] Shye, S., Elizur, D., Hoffman, M., 1994. Introduction to facet theory: Content design and intrinsic data analysis in behavioral research. Sage Publications, Inc.: Thousand Oaks, CA.
[46] Levy, S., Guttman, L., 1989. The conical structure of adjustive behavior. Social Indicators Research. 21, 455-479. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00513456
Downloads
How to Cite
Issue
Article Type
License
Copyright © 2023 Author(s)
This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.