Soil Seed Banks in Two Environments of Forest Restoration Post Bauxite Mining: Native Tree Plantation and Natural Regeneration

Authors

  • Sebastião Venâncio Martins Forest Restoration Laboratory, Department of Forest Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
  • Wesley da Silva Fonseca Forest Restoration Laboratory, Department of Forest Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
  • Luiz Henrique Elias Cosimo Forest Restoration Laboratory, Department of Forest Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
  • Diego Balestrin Forest Restoration Laboratory, Department of Forest Engineering, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30564/re.v3i1.2631

Abstract

The objective of this study was to compare the soil seed bank in an area under natural regeneration (F1) and another reforested through seedling planting (F2), seven years after bauxite mining, in Southeast, Brazil. In each area, 10 sampling points were randomly distributed, using three samples of topsoil to represent each point. The samples were transported to a shade house and evaluated for six months, where emerging individuals were identified every two weeks. Floristic similarity was evaluated with cluster analysis based on the Jaccard index (SJ). Species richness and abundance of individuals were compared using Student's t test. In F1, 2,114.94 propagules m-2 were registered, belonging to 51 species and 24 botanical families, Shannon-Wiener diversity index H’=2.770 and Pielou evenness index J’=0.705. In F2, 1,168.62 propagules m-2 were registered, belonging to 42 species and 22 families, H’=2.618 and J’=0.700. The (SJ) between F1 and F2 was 0.61, indicating a high similarity. The results showed high density of propagules, good diversity and absence of ecological dominance. The high number of individuals and diversity of tree species with zoochoric dispersion found in the areas indicates that both natural regeneration and reforestation were efficient in the ecological restoration of bauxite mined areas.

Keywords:

Ecological restoration; Bioindicators; Floristic similarity; Diversity; Forest ecology

References

[1] ANM. Brazilian Mineral Summary – Aluminum. 1 st ed. Brasília: Agência Nacional de Mineração [R]. 2018, 4. (in Portuguese)

[2] ANM. Brazilian Mineral Yearbook – Main Metallic Commodities 2018. 1 st ed. Brasília: Agência Nacional de Mineração [R]. 2019, 34. (in Portuguese)

[3] Barros DA, Guimarães JCC, Pereira JAA, Borges LAC, Silva RA, Pereira AAS. Characterization of the bauxite mining of the Poços de Caldas alkaline massif and its socio-environmental impacts. Revista Escola de Minas [J]. 2012, 65(1):127-133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0370-44672012000100018

[4] Fengler FH, Bressane A, Carvalho MM, Longo RM, Medeiros GA, Melo WJ, Jakovac CC, Ribeiro AI. Forest restoration assessment in Brazilian Amazonia: A new clustering-based methodology considering the reference ecosystem. Ecological Engineering [J]. 2017, 108(1):93–99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.08.008

[5] Martins SV. Alternative Forest Restoration Techniques. In: Viana H, (ed.). New Perspectives in Forest Science. 1st ed. London: IntechOpen [C]. 2018: 131-148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.72908

[6] Bastin JF, Finegold Y, García C, Mollicone D, Rezende M, Routh D, Zohner CM, Crowther TW. The global tree restoration potential. Science [J]. 2019, 365(6448):76-79. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax0848

[7] Brancalion PHS, Viani RAG, Rodrigues RR, Gandolfi S. Evaluation and monitoring of areas under restoration. In: Martins SV (ed). Ecological restoration of degraded ecosystems, 2 nd ed. Editora UFV [C]. 2015: 262-292. (in Portuguese)

[8] Balestrin D, Martins SV, Schoorl JM, Lopes AT, Andrade CF. Phytosociological study to define restoration measures in a mined area in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Ecological Engineering [J]. 2019, 135(10): 8-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.04.023

[9] Martins SV. Recovery of degraded areas: actions in permanent preservation areas, gullies, road slopes and mining. 4rd ed. Viçosa: Aprenda Fácil [M]. 2016: 270. (in Portuguese)

[10] Harper JL. Population biology of plants. London: Academic Press [M]. 1977: 924

[11] Garwood N. C. Tropical soil seed banks: a review. In: Leck MA, Parker VT, Simpson RL (eds). Ecology of soil seed banks. 1st ed. San Diego: Academic Press [C]. 1989, 149-209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-440405-2.50014-2

[12] Martins SV, Borges EEL, Silva KA. The soil seed bank and its use as a bioindicator of ecological restoration. In: Martins SV (ed.). Ecological restoration of degraded ecosystems. 2nd ed. Viçosa: Editora UFV [C]. 2015: 293-330. (in Portuguese)

[13] Calegari L, Martins SV, Campos LC, Silva E, Gleriani JM. Evaluation of the soil seed bank for forest restoration purposes in Carandaí, MG. Revista Arvore [J]. 2013, 37(5):871–880. (in Portuguese) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-67622013000500009

[14] Madawala H, Ekanayake SK, Perera G. Diversity, composition and richness of soil seed banks in different forest communities at Dotalugala Man and Biosphere Reserve, Sri Lanka. Ceylon Journal of Science [J]. 2016, 45(1):43–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4038/cjs.v45i1.7363

[15] Rozendaal DMA, Bongers F, Aide TM, Alvarez-Dávila E, Ascarrunz N, Balvanera P, Becknell JM, Bentos TV, Brancalion PHS, Cabral GLA et al. Biodiversity recovery of Neotropical secondary forests. Science Advances [J]. 2019, 5(3):eaau3114. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau3114

[16] Köppen W. Climatology: A study of the Earth’s climates. México: Fondo de Cultura Econômica [M].1948: 477. (in Spanish)

[17] Agevap. 2013. Municipal basic sanitation plan, São Sebastião da Vargem Alegre, MG [R]. PrintPaper Editora Gráfica, 2013: 234. (in Portuguese)

[18] Santos HG, Jacomine PKT, Anjos LHC, Oliveira VA, Lumbreras JF, Coelho MR, Almeida JA, Araujo Filho JC, Oliveira JB, Cunha TJF. Brazilian system of soil classification. Brasília: Embrapa [M]. 2018: 356. (in Portuguese)

[19] IBGE. Technical Manual of the Brazilian vegetation. 2nd ed. Technical Manuals in Geosciences. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. 2012: 272. (in Portuguese)

[20] Balestrin D, Martins SV, Fonseca W, Cosimo LHE. Relationship between soil seed bank and canopy coverage in a mined area. Revista Árvore [J]. 2019, 43(4):e430403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-90882019000400003

[21] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society [J]. 2016, 181:1–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12385

[22] The Plant List. 2018. Version 1.1. [Accessed on 05/02/2018]. http://www.theplantlist.org

[23] Budowski G. Distribution of tropical American Rain Forest species in the light of successional processes. Turrialba [J]. 1965, 15:40–42.

[24] Gandolfi S, Leitão Filho HF, Bezerra CLF. Floristic survey and successional character of shrub-tree species in a semideciduous forest in the city of Guarulhos, SP. Revista Brasileira de Biologia [J]. 1995, 55:753–767. (in Portuguese)

[25] van der Pijl L. Principles of dispersal in higher plants. 3rd ed. Berlin and New York: Springer-Verlag [M]. 1982: 214. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-87925-8

[26] Mueller–Dombois D, Ellenberg H. Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. New York: John Wiley & Sons [M]. 1974: 580.

[27] Magurran AE. Ecological diversity and its measurement. Princeton: Princeton University Press [M]. 1988: 179.

[28] Pielou EC. Ecological diversity. New York: Jonhon Willy [M]. 1975: 176.

[29] Shepherd GJ. Fitopac. Version 2.1. Campinas: Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas. 2010.

[30] R Development Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Version 3.5.1. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 2018.

[31] Kent M, Coker P. Vegetation description analyses. London: Belhaven Press [M]. 1992: 428.

[32] Dalling JW. Seed ecology. In: Guariguata MR, Kattan GH, editors. Ecology and conservation of neotropical forests. Cartago: Libro Universitario Regional [C]. 2002: 345–375. (in Spanish)

[33] Miranda Neto A, Martins SV, Silva KA, Lopes AT, Demolinari RA. Soil seed bank in a restored bauxite mine in Southeast Brazil. Floresta e Ambiente [J]. 2017, 24(1):e00125414. (in Portuguese) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.125414.

[34] Franco BKS, Martins SV, Faria PCL, Ribeiro GA. Density and floristic composition of the seed bank of a stretch of Semideciduous Seasonal Forest on the Campus of the Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG. Revista Árvore [J]. 2012, 36(3):423-432. (in Portuguese) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-67622012000300004.

[35] Costalonga SR, Reis GG, Reis MGF, Silva AF, Borges EEL, Guimarães FP. Floristics of the soil seed bank in contiguous areas of degraded pasture, eucalyptus plantation and forest in Paula Cândido, MG. Floresta [J]. 2006, 36(2):239–250. (in Portuguese) DOI: https://doi.org/10.5380/rf.v36i2.6455

[36] Martins SV. Soil seed bank as indicator of forest regeneration potential in canopy gaps of a semideciduos forest in southeastern Brazil. In: Fournier MV (ed). Forest regeneration: ecology, management and economics. New York: Nova Science Publishers [C]. 2009, 113-128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-67622008000600013.

[37] Silva KA, Martins SV, Miranda Neto A, Lopes AT. Soil seed banks in a forest under restoration and in a reference ecosystem in Southeastern Brazil. Floresta e Ambiente [J]. 2019, 26 (4):e20190047. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-8087.004719

[38] Reis A, Bechara, FC, Tres DR, Trentin BE. 2014. Nucleation: Biocentric conception for the ecological restoration. Ciência Florestal [J]. 2014, 24(2):509- 519. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5902/1980509814591

[39] Erfanzadeh R, Shayesteh Palaye AA, Ghelichnia H. Shrub effects on germinable soil seed bank in overgrazed rangelands. Plant Ecology & Diversity [J]. 2020, 13(2): 199-208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2020.1718233

[40] Baider C, Tabarelli M, Mantovani W. The soil seed bank during Atlantic forest regeneration in Southeast Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Biologia [J]. 2001, 61(1):35-44. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-71082001000100006

[41] Oliveira TJF, Barroso DG, Andrade AG, Freitas ILJ, Amim RT. Soil seed bank for use in the recovery of degraded riparian forests in the Northwestern region of Rio de Janeiro State. Ciência Florestal [J]. 2018, 28(1):206-217. (in Portuguese) DOI: https://doi.org/10.5902/1980509831653

[42] Ferretti AR, Kageyama PY, Árbocz GF, Santos JD, Barros MIA, Lorza RF, Oliveira C. Classification of tree species in ecological groups for Revegetation with native species in the State of São Paulo. Florestar Estatístico [J]. 1995, 3(7):73-77. (in Portuguese)

[43] Braga AJT, Griffith JJ, Paiva HN, Meira Neto AA. Composition of the soil seed bank of a secondary semideciduous forest considering its potential use for environmental recovery. Revista Árvore [J]. 2008, 32(6):1089-1098. (in Portuguese) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-67622008000600014.

[44] Silva-Weber AJC, Nogueira AC, Carpanezzi AA, Galvão F, Weber SH. Floristic composition and seasonal distribution of the soil seed bank in Alluvial Mixed Rain Forest, Araucária, PR. Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira [J]. 2012, 32(70):193-207. (in Portuguese) DOI: https://doi.org/10.4336/2012.pfb.32.70.77

[45] Guimarães S, Martins SV, Neri AV, Gleriani JM, Silva KA. Soil seed bank of areas under forest restoration in Aimorés, MG. Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira [J]. 2014, 34(80):357-368. (in Portuguese) DOI: https://doi.org/doi.org/10.4336/2014.pfb.34.80.437

[46] Galetti M, Bovendorp RS, Guevara R. Defaunation of large mammals leads to an increase in seed predation in the Atlantic forests. Global Ecology and Conservation [J].2015, 3:824-830. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2015.04.008

[47] Martinelli G, Moraes MA. Red book of flora of Brazil. Rio de Janeiro: Andrea Jakobsson [M]. 2013:1100. (in Portuguese)

[48] Miranda Neto A, Martins SV, Silva KA. Soil seed banks in different environments: initial forest, mature forest, Pinus and Eucalyptus abandoned stands. Plant Biosystems [J]. 2020, 154(1):1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2020.1727979

[49] Silveira K, Skillman JB, Dallind JW. Seed germination, seedling growth and habitat partitioning in two morphotypes of the tropical pioneer tree Trema micrantha in a seasonal forest in Panam. Journal of Tropical Ecology [J]. 2003, 19(1):27-34. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467403003043

[50] Miranda Neto A, Martins SV, Silva KA, Gleriani JM. Soil seed bank and litter accumulated in restored forest. Revista Árvore [J]. 2014, 38(4):609-620. (in Portuguese) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-67622014000400004.

[51] Peres MA, Pinto LVA, Loures L. Evaluation of soil seed banks of climatic and secondary seasonal semideciduous forest fragments and their potential to recover degraded areas. Revista Agrogeoambiental [J]. 2009, 1(2):121-133. (in Portuguese) DOI: https://doi.org/10.18406/2316-1817v1n2200984

[52] Miranda Neto A, Martins SV, Silva KA, Lopes AT, Demolinari RA. Natural regeneration in a restored bauxite mine in southeast Brazil. Bosque [J]. 2014, 35(3):377-389. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-92002014000300012

[53] Crouzeilles R, Ferreira MS, Chazdon RL, Lindenmayer DB, Sansevero JBB, Monteiro L, Iribarrem A, Latawiec AE, Strassburg BBN. Ecological restoration success is higher for natural regeneration than for active restoration in tropical forests. Sciense Advances [J]. 2017, 3(11):e1701345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1701345

[54] Rezende GM, Vieira DLM. Forest restoration in southern Amazonia: Soil preparation triggers natural regeneration. Forest Ecology and Management [J]. 2019, 433(3):93-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.10.049

[55] Schupp EW, Milleron T, Russo S. 2002. Dissemination limitation and the origin and maintenance of species-rich tropical forests. In: DJ Levey; WR Silva, M Galleti, editors. Seed Dispersal and Frugivory: Ecology, Evolution and Conservation. New York: CABI Publishing [C]. 2002: 19-33.

[56] Souza RP, Valio IFM. Seed size, seed germination and seedling survival of Brazilian tropical tree species differing in successional status. Biotropica [J]. 2001, 33(3):447-457. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2001.tb00198.x

Downloads

How to Cite

Martins, S. V., Silva Fonseca, W. da, Elias Cosimo, L. H., & Balestrin, D. (2021). Soil Seed Banks in Two Environments of Forest Restoration Post Bauxite Mining: Native Tree Plantation and Natural Regeneration. Research in Ecology, 3(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.30564/re.v3i1.2631

Issue

Vol. 3 , Iss. 1 (March 2021)

Article Type

Articles

License

Copyright © 2021 Author(s)

Creative Commons License

This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC