Teresa Rodríguez-Espinosa
Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Avd. de la Universidad SN,
03202-ELCHE, Alicante, Spain
Jose Navarro-Pedreño
Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Avd. de la Universidad SN,
03202-ELCHE, Alicante, Spain
Ignacio Gómez Lucas
Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Avd. de la Universidad SN,
03202-ELCHE, Alicante, Spain
María Belén Almendro-Candel
Department of Agrochemistry and Environment, University Miguel Hernández of Elche, Avd. de la Universidad SN,
03202-ELCHE, Alicante, Spain
The world population will grow up to 9.8 billion by 2050. The intensification in urban growth will occur on all continents and in all sizes of cities, especially in developing countries, experiencing a greater rising in urban agglomerations of 300,000 to 500,000 people, those of 500,000 to 1 million and those of 1 to 5 million, by 2035. In this way, the demand of soil to host human activities (land take) will increase, mainly affecting soils with greater agricultural potential close to cities, at the same time as the need for food will increase. Land rehabilitation can contribute to human food security, to enhance ecosystem services and, if made by waste Technosols, those are viable as substrate for urban agroforestry systems.Although the references for brownfield reclamation for urban agriculture,adding constructed Technosols and de-sealed soils can recover its ecosystem functions even food supply services and would be the solution in urban areas.
[1] Marquard, E., Bartke, S., Gifreu i Font, J., Humer, A.,Jonkman, A., Jürgenson, E., Marot, N.,Poelmans,L., Repe, B., Rybski, R., Schröter-Schlaack, C., Sobocká, J., Tophøj Sørensen, M.,Vejchodská, E., Yiannakou, A., Bovet, J. (2020). Land consumption and land take: enhancing conceptual clarity for evaluating spatial governance in the EU context. Sustainability 12, 8269.https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198269.
[2] Aksoy, E., Gregor, M., Schröder, C., Löhnertz, M.,Louwagie, G. (2017). Assessing and analysing the impact of land take pressures on arable land. Solid Earth, 8, 683-695.https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2016-154.
[3] Gardi, C., Panagos, P., Van Liedekerke, M., Bosco, C.,De Brogniez, D. (2015). Land take and food security:assessment of land take on the agricultural production in Europe. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 58(5), 898-912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2014.899490.
[4] Navarro-Pedreño, J., Almendro-Candel, M.B., Zorpas, A.A. (2021). The increase of soil organic matter reduces global warming, myth or reality? Sci 3(1),18. https://doi.org/10.3390/sci3010018.
[5] Almendro-Candel, M.B., Poquet Perles, M.J., Gómez Lucas, I., Navarro-Pedreño, J., Mataix-Solera, J.(2020). Effect of the application of two plant residues on the density and porosity of soils subjected to compaction. Spanish Journal of Soil Science 10(3), 233-236.https://doi.org/10.3232/SJSS.2020.V10.N3.06.
[6] Population Reference Bureau PRB (2020). World Population Data Sheet 2020. Washington, ISBN 978-0-917136-14-6.
[7] UN- HABITAT (2020). Global State of Metropolis 2020. Population Data Booklet.
[8] UN- HABITAT (2020). Global Database of Metropolises 2020, from UN DESA, Population Division 2018.
[9] Schiavina, M.; Melchiorri, M.; Corbane, C.;Florczyk, A.J.; Freire, S.; Pesaresi, M.; Kemper, T.(2019). Multi-Scale estimation of land use efficiency (SDG 11.3.1) across 25 years using global open and free data. Sustainability 11, 5674. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205674.
[10] Tobias, S., Conen, F., Duss, A., Wenzel, L., Buser, C.,Alewell, C. (2019). Soil sealing and unsealing: State of the art and examples. Land Degradation and Development 29(6), 2015-2024 https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2919.
[11] European Commission EC (2012). Guidelines on best practice to limit, mitigate or compensate soil sealing. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2012.DOI:https://doi.org/10.2779/75498.
[12] European Environment Agency EEA (2021). Land take in Europe. Indicator Assessment.Availableonline: https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/land-take-3/assessment (accessed on May 2021).
[13] Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis. Island Press,Washington, DC.
[14] European Commission EC (2011). Report on best practices for limiting soil sealing and mitigating its effects. Technical Report - 2011 - 050. https://doi.org/10.2779/15146.
[15] European Commission EC (2013). Hard surfaces,hidden costs Searching for alternatives to land take and soil sealing. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.https://doi.org/10.2779/16427.
[16] Hardaker, A., Pagella, T., Rayment, M. (2021). Ecosystem service and dis-service impacts of increasing tree cover on agricultural land by land-sparing and land-sharing in the Welsh uplands.Ecosystem Services 48, 101253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2021.101253.
[17] Correa Pereira, M., O’Riordan, R., Stevens, C.(2021). Urban soil microbial community and microbial-related carbon storage are severely limited by sealing. Journal of Soils and Sediments 21, 1455-1465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-02881-7.
[18] Sobocká, J., Saksa, M., Feranec, J., Szatmári, D.,Holec, J., Bobáľová, H., Rášová, A. (2021). Mapping of urban environmentally sensitive areas in Bratislava city. Journal of Soils and Sediments 21, 2059-2070. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-020-02682-4.
[19] Bokaie, M., Kheirkhah Zarkesh, M., Daneshkar Arasteh, P., & Hosseini, A. 2016. Assessment of urbanheat island based on the relationship between land surface temperature and Land Use/Land Cover in Tehran. Sustainable Cities and Society, 23, 94-104.
[20] European Commission EC (2020). Caring for soil is caring for life. Ensure 75% of soils are healthy by 2030 for food, people, nature and climate. Report of the Mission Board for Soil health and food. Brussels.
[21] European Environment Agency EEA (2016). Land recycling in Europe Approaches to measuring extent and impacts. EEA Report No 31/2016. https://doi.org/10.2800/503177.
[22] Pytel, S., Sitek, S., Chmielewska, M., Zuzan´ska-˙Zys´ko, E., Runge, A., Markiewicz-Patkowska, J. (2021). Transformation Directions of Brownfifields:The Case of the Górnos´la˛sko-Zagłe˛biowska Metropolis. Sustainability 13, 2075. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042075.
[23] Song, Y., Kirkwood, N., Maksimović, C., Zheng, X.,O’Connora, D., Jin, Y., Hou, D. (2019).Nature based solutions for contaminated land remediation and brownfifield redevelopment in cities: A review. Science of the Total Environment 663, 568-579 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.347.
[24] Miner, R.C., Raftery, S.R. (2012). Turning brownfields into “green fields”: growing food using marginal lands. WIT Transactions on Ecology and The Environment 162.https://doi.org/10.2495/EID120361.
[25] Weidner, T., Yang, A., Hamm, M. W. (2019). Consolidating the current knowledge on urban agriculture in productive urban food systems: Learnings, gaps and outlook. Journal of Cleaner Production 209,1637e1655.
[26] Oka, G.A., Thomas, L., Lavkulich, L.M. (2014). Soil assessment for urban agriculture: a Vancouver case study. Journal of soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 14 (3), 657-669.
[27] Thomas, E.C., Lavkulich, L.M. (2015) Community considerations for quinoa production in the urban environment. Canadian Journal Plant Science 95:397404.https://doi.org/10.4141/CJPS-2014-8.
[28] Lal, R., Bouma, J., Brevik, E., Dawson, L., Field, D.J., Glaser, B., Hatano, R., Hartemink, A, E., Kosaki,T., Lascelles, B., Monger, C., Muggler, C., Ndzana, G,M., Norra, S., Pan, X, Paradelo, R.,Reyes-Sánchez,L.B., Sandén, T., Ram Singh, B., Spiegel, H.,Yanai,J., Zhang, J. (2021). Soils and sustainable development goals of the United Nations: An International Union of Soil Sciences perspective. Geoderma Regional 25,e00398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2021.e00398.
[29] Coull, M., Butler, B., Hough, R., Beesley, L. (2021).A geochemical and agronomic evaluation of Technosols made from construction and demolition fines mixed with green waste compost. Agronomy 11(4),649. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy1104064.
[30] Prado, B., Mora, L., Abbruzzini, T., Flores, S., Cram,S., Ortega, P., Navarrete, A., Siebe, C.(2020). Feasibility of urban waste for constructing Technosols for plant growth. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 37(3), 237-249. https://doi.org/10.201/cgeo.20072902e.2020.3.1583.
[31] Pecina, V., Juricka, D., Vasinova Galiová, M., Kynický, J., Baláková, L., Brtnický, M. (2021).Polluted brownfield site converted into a public urban park: A place providing ecosystem services or a hidden health threat? Journal of Environmental Management 291,112669 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112669.
[32] De Sousa, C. (2010). From Brown Liability to Green Opportunity: Reinventing Urban Landscapes.Carolina Planning Journal 35, 3-13. https://doi.org/10.17615/81af-gp31.
[33] Feliciano, D., Ledo, A., Hillier, J., Rani Nayak, D.(2018). Which agroforestry options give the greatest soil and above ground carbon benefits in different world regions? Agriculture, Ecosystems &Environment 254, 117-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2017.11.032.
[34] Klenosky, D.B., Snyder, S, A., Vogt, C, A., Campbell, L.K. (2017). If we transform the landfifill,will they come? Predicting visitation to Freshkills Park in New York City. Landscape and Urban Planning 167, 315-324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.07.011.
[35] Scottish Government (2019). National Statistics publication for Scotland. People, Communities and places. Scottish vacant and derelict land survey 2019.Edinburgh.
[36] Moore, R. (2010). Designing Green Urban Carolina Childhoods: Theory and Practice. Carolina Planning Journal 35, 43-53. https://doi.org/10.17615/7sft-tn34.
[37] Deeb, M., Groffman, P.M., Blouin, M., Egendorf,S.P., Vergnes, A., Vasenev, V., Cao, D. L., Walsh, D.,Morin, T., & Séré, G. (2020). Using constructed soils for green infrastructure - challenges and limitations.Soil, 6(2), 413-434. https://doi.org/10.5194/soil-6-413-2020.
[38] Rodríguez-Espinosa, T., Navarro-Pedreño, J., Gómez,I., Jordán Vidal, M.M., Bech Borras, J.,Zorpas, A.A.(2021). Urban areas, human health and Technosols for the Green Deal. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 1-[40]. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00953-8.
[39] Constantini, E.A.C., & Lorenzetti, R. (2018). Soil degradation processes in the Italian agricultural and forest ecosystems. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 8(4),e28. https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2013.e28.
[40] Maienza, A., Ungaro, F., Baronti, S., Colzi, I.,Giagnoni, L., Gonnelli, C., Renella, G., Ugolini, F.,Calzolari, C. Biological Restoration of Urban Soils after De-Sealing Interventions. Agriculture 2021,11,190. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11030190.
[41] Renella, G. (2020). Evolution of physico-chemical properties, microbial biomass and microbial activity of an urban soil after de-sealing. Agriculture 10, 596;https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10120596.
[42] Zorpas, A.A., Navarro-Pedreño, J., Panagiotakis, I.,Dermatas, D.(2021). Steps forward to adopt a circular economy strategy by the tourism industry.Waste Management & Research, 39(7). https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X211029087.
Copyright © 2021 Teresa Rodríguez-Espinosa, Jose Navarro-Pedreño, Ignacio Gómez Lucas
This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.
