Kedar Dahal
Central Department of Geography, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, 44618, Nepal
The peri-urban area is a transitional zone between the city and its hinterlands characterized by mixed land use and intensive flows of resources, people, goods, and services from and to the city center. These zones are generally misguided and haphazardly developed without a proper planning framework. The peri-urban area at present will be the urban area in the future; therefore, it needs planning intervention in its initial stage of growth. Katahari, a peri-urban area of Biratnagar metropolitan city, is developing a spontaneous lack of land use plans. Recently, the Government of Nepal has encouraged the local government to implement land use plans in the provided framework, policy, and guidelines. This study, in this context, attempts to analyze and identify land use issues and potential zones for Katahari rural municipality that also supports planning urban development in the future. The study is based on primary and secondary data and information supported by maps and figures. It is concluded that Katahari has been developed as a multi-function center adjoining the Biratnagar metropolitan city, and future expansion of the city will cover a wide range of rural municipalities. The postal highway that passes through it has attracted a wide range of urban functions. Agriculture, residential, commercial, and industrial are the main land use category at present and needs development control through providing land use zoning and related planning instruments through the increasing role of the stakeholder and the government agencies in the decision-making processes and implementation of spatial development frameworks to regulate peri-urban development in the area which will guide the future planning for liability, economic viability, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability in the area. Spill-over development activities of Biratnagar, have increased the number of economic activities, population growth, and mixed-use development.
[1] Sharma, R.P., 2012. Urbanization, planning and development: Consequences, opportunities and future [Internet]. SAMBRIDHI, a Development Journal of Center of Development Studies [Accessed 2020 August 25]. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/2029224/Urbanization_Planning_and_Development_Consequences_Opportunities_and_Future.
[2] Devkota, K., 2018. Challenges of inclusive urbanization in the face of political transition in Nepal. Joshua, Mugambwa Mesharch, W., Katusiimeh (editors). Handbook of Research on Urban Governance and Management in the Developing World. USA: IGI Global. Available from: http://www.Sias-southasia.org.
[3] Maheshwari, B., Singh, V.P., Thoradeniya, B., 2016. Balanced urban development: Is it a myth or reality? Basant, M., Vijaya, P., Singh Bhadranie, T. (editors), Balanced Urban Development: Options and Strategies for Liveable Cities. Springer Open: New York. Available from: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-28112-4.pdf.
[4] Kleemann, J., Inkoom, J.N., Thiel, M., et al., 2017. Peri-urban land use pattern and its relation to land use planning in Ghana, West Africa. Landscape and Urban Planning(Elsevier). 165, 280-294. Available from: https://www.elsevier.com/locate/landurbplan.
[5] Muzzini, E., Aparicio, G., 2013. Urban growth and spatial transition in Nepal: An initial as sessment. Washington DC: The World Bank. 1. Available from: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/13110.
[6] Shrestha, C.B., Manandhar, M.S., 1994. Settle ment systems, small towns and market centers in the Bagmati zone sub-region. ICIMOD: Kath mandu.
[7] Shrestha, C.B., Rijal, S.P., 2015. Revisit to functional classification of towns in Nepal. The Geographical Journal of Nepal. 10, 15-27.
[8] Hudalah, D., 2010. Peri-urban planning in Indonesia: Contexts, approaches, and institutional capacity [PhD thesis]. Groningen, Netherlands: University of Groningen. Avail able from: http://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/33030177/03_c3.pdf.
[9] Varkey, A.M., Manasi, S., 2019. A review of peri-urban definition, land use changes and challenges to development. Urban India. 39(1). Available from: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/335910837_A-Review_of_Peri-Urban_DefinitionsLand_Use-Changes_and_Challenges_to_Development.
[10] Vejre, H., 2009. Land use, land cover and soil sciences—Volume 4: Soils and soil sciences. 1. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS): Oxford. Available from: https://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c19/E1-05-04-08.pdf.
[11] Wandl, A., Magoni, M., 2017. Sustainable plan ning of peri-urban area: Introduction to the special issue. Planning Practice and Research. 32(1), 1-3. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2017.1264191.
[12] Thapa, S., 2015. Booming land development in peri-urban Kathmandu; who should capture the incremental land value to provide water supply to Citizen? Final ICHUD Research Proposal Re port. International Course on Housing and Urban Development: Rotterdam. Available from: http://researchgate.net/profile/Saraswati_Thapa/publication......pdf.
[13] Miljkovic, J., Zivanovic, C.T., Maric, I., 2012.Land use planning for sustainable development of peri-urban zone. SPATIUM International Review. (28), 15-22.
[14] MoUD, 2016. Third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development (Habitat III)-Nepal national report. GoN, Ministry of Urban Development: Kathmandu. Available from: http://habitat3.org/wp-content/uploads/Nepal-HII-National-Report_email.pdf.
[15] Simon, D., McGregor, D., Nsiah-Gyabaah, K., 2004. The changing urban-rural interface of African cities: Definitional issues and an application to Kumasi, Ghana. Environment and Urbanization. 16, 235-245.
[16] Thorbeck, D., Troughton, J., 2016. Connect ing urban and rural features through rural design. Basant, M., Vijaya, P., Singh Bhadra nie, T. (editors), Balanced Urban Development: Options and Strategies for Liveable Cities. Springer Open: New York. Available from: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-28112-4.pdf.
[17] Alexander, I.N., 1954. The basic and non-basic concept of urban functional analysis. Economic Geography. (30), 246-261.
[18] Alber, R., Adams, J.S., Gould, P., 1971. Spatial organization: The geographers view of the world. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
[19] Mayer, H.M., Kulan, C.F., 1959. The economic base of cities. Mayer, H. M., Kulan, C.F.(editors), Readings in Urban Geography. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
[20] Garden city movement [Internet]. Wikipedia. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_city_movement.
[21] Gallion, A.B., 1950. The urban pattern, city planning, and design. USA: D.Van Nostrand Company, ING.
[22] Park, R.E., 1952. Human communities, the city and human ecology. The Free Press: Illinois, USA.
[23] Thapa, S., 2011. Brick Kilns: A threat to urban agriculture in Kathmandu, Nepal [Internet]. City Farmer News. Available from: http://www.cityfarmer.info/2011/08/22/brick-kilns-a-threattokathmandu.
[24] Tuladhar, B., Raut, A.K., 2002. Final report on environment and health impacts of Kathmandu’s brick kilns. Clean Energy Nepal: Kathmandu.
[25] UNDP, 2016. Urban growth trends and multi-hazards in Kathmandu valley. United Nation Development Programme (UNDP)/ Comprehensive Disaster Risk Management Programme: Kathmandu.
[26] Rao, P.S., Singh, H., Purohit, R.C., 2016. Changing economic scenarios of the peri-urban area of udaipur city, India. Basant, M., Vijaya, P., Singh Bhadranie, T.(editors), Balanced Urban Development: Options and Strategies for Live able Cities. Springer Open: New York. Avail able from: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F978-3-319-28112-4.pdf.
[27] Upreti, B.R., Breu, T., Ghale, Y., 2017. New challenges in land use in Nepal: Reflections on the booming real-estate sector in Chitwan and Kathmandu valley. Scottish Geographical Journal.133(1). Doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14702541.2017.1279680.
[28] Verheye, W.H., 2009. Land use planning: Land use land value and soil sciences—Volume 3. Encyclopedia of Life Support System (EOLSS):Oxford.
[29] FAO, 1993. Guidelines for land-use planning. Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations: Rome. Available from: http://www.fao.org/3/t0715e/t0715e00.htm.
[30] FAO, 1995. Planning for sustainable use of land resources towards a new approach. FAO Land and Water Development Division: Rome, Italy. Available from:http://www.fao.org/3/V8047E/V8047E00.htm.
[31] Dahal, K., Timalsina, K., 2017. New towns development: A wave of the future planning practices in Nepal. Tribhuvan University Journal.31(1-2). Doi: https://doi.org/10.3126/tuj.v31i1-2.25346.
[32] Acharya, B.R., 2008. Land tenure and land registration in Nepal. Integrating Generations FIG Working Week 2008; 2008 Jun 14-19; Stock holm, Sweden. Available from: http://www.fig.net/resources/proceedings/fig_proceedings/fig2008/papers/ts07b/ts07b_02_acharya_2747.pdf.
[33] Ministry of Land Reform and Management (MoLRM), 2012. National Land Use Policy 2012. MoLRM: Kathmandu.
[34] Ministry of Land Reform and Management (MoLRM), 2022. Land Use Regulations 2022, MoLRM: Kathmandu.
[35] CBS, 2021. National population census 2078, preliminary result. Central Bureau of Statistics:Kathmandu.
[36] NLUP 2072, 2015. Preparation of soil map of Katahari VDC.
[37] NLUP 2072, 2015. Preparation of Land Capability of Katahari VDC.
[38] NLUP 2072, 2015. Preparation of Land Use Zoning of Katahari VDC.
[39] DUDBC 2074, 2017. Feasibility study of new towns in the tarai-madhesh area of Nepal, Kathmandu.
[40] Rimal, B., 2012. Spatiotemporal dynamics of land use pattern response to urbanization in Biratnagar Sub Metropolitan City, Nepal. En gineering Science and Technology: An Internal Journal. 2(75-85). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281759032_Spatiotemporal_dynamics_of_land_use_pattern_response_to_urbanization_in_Biratnagar_SubMetropolitan_City_Nepal.
[41] IUDP, 2018. Preparation of Integrated Urban Development Plan (IUDP) of Katahari rural mu nicipality. Katahari Rural Municipality: Morang
Copyright © 2023 Kedar Dahal
This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.
