Ecological Impact in Northern Tanzania using Heckman AI Two-Step Selection Model

Authors

  • Ritha Luoga

    School of Business Studies and Humanities, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha, P. O. Box 447, Tanzania
  • Anthony Nyangarika

    School of Business Studies and Humanities, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha, P. O. Box 447, Tanzania
  • Josephine Mkunda

    School of Business Studies and Humanities, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha, P. O. Box 447, Tanzania
  • Alexey Mikhaylov

    Financial Faculty, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow 125167, Russia

    Department of Science, Baku Eurasian University, Baku AZ 1073, Republic of Azerbaijan
  • Sergey Barykin

    Graduate School of Service and Trade, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia
  • Daria Dinets

    Department of Finance and Credit, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia Named after Patrice Lumumba, Moscow 117198, Russia
  • Vasilii Buniak

    Energy Department, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), Arusha, P. O. Box 447, TanzaniaDepartment of Economics and Finance, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation (Moscow) St. Petersburg branch, St. Petersburg 197198, Russia
  • Oksana Solodchenkova

    Department of Economics and Management, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Smolensk 214018, Russia
  • Anton Kucher

    Graduate School of Service and Trade, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg 195251, Russia
  • N. B. A. Yousif

    Department of Sociology, College of Humanities and Science, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box: 346, UAE

    Humanities and Social Sciences Research Centre (HSSRC), Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box: 346, UAE
  • Tomonobu Senjyu

    Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
  • Farooq Ahmed Shah

    Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30564/re.v7i3.10226
Received: 27 May 2025 | Revised: 5 June 2025 | Accepted: 10 June 2025 | Published Online: 2 July 2025

Abstract

This study explores the determinants of impact on ecology in Northern Tanzania. By examining key socio-economic, institutional, and structural factors influencing engagement the study provides insights in strengthening agribusiness networks and improving livelihoods. Data was collected from 215 farmers and 320 traders through a multistage sampling procedure. Heckman AI sample selection model was used in data analysis whereby the findings showed key factors influencing farmers’ decisions on ecology were gender and years of formal education at p < 0.1, and access to finance and off-farm income at p < 0.05. The degree of farmers participation in social groups was influenced by age, household size, off-farm income and business network at p < 0.05, number of years in formal education and access to finance at p < 0.01, and distance to the market at p < 0.1. The decision of traders to impact on ecology was significantly influenced by age and trading experience at p < 0.1. Meanwhile, the degree of their involvement in social groups was strongly affected by gender, formal education, and trust at p < 0.01, as well as by access to finance and business networks at p < 0.05. The study concluded that natural ecology is influenced by socio economic and structural factors but trust among group members determine the degree of participation. The study recommends that strategies to improve agribusiness networks should understand underlying causes of impact on ecology and strengthen available social groups to improve performance of farmers and traders.

Keywords:

Ecological Impact; Vegetable Farmers; Vegetable Traders; Heckman AI Model; Northern Tanzania

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Ritha Luoga, Anthony Nyangarika, Josephine Mkunda, Alexey Mikhaylov, Sergey Barykin, Daria Dinets, Vasilii Buniak, Oksana Solodchenkova, Anton Kucher, N. B. A. Yousif, Tomonobu Senjyu, & Farooq Ahmed Shah. (2025). Ecological Impact in Northern Tanzania using Heckman AI Two-Step Selection Model. Research in Ecology, 7(3), 72–88. https://doi.org/10.30564/re.v7i3.10226

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Vol. 7, Iss. 3 (August 2025)(in progress)

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Article (This article belongs to the Special Issue "Innovative application of AI and machine learning in solving ecological problems")

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Copyright © 2025 Ritha Luoga, Anthony Nyangarika, Josephine Mkunda, Alexey Mikhaylov, Sergey Barykin, Daria Dinets, Vasilii Buniak, Oksana Solodchenkova, Anton Kucher, N. B. A. Yousif, Tomonobu Senjyu, Farooq Ahmed Shah

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This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.

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