Congratulations on Research in Ecology being indexed in Scopus.
2024-10-31
Isolation and Identification of the Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens by 16S rRNA Sequence Analysis Its Efficacy as a Bioinoculator
Authors
-
Naseer Jawad Kadhim
College of Agriculture, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al Diwaniyah 58001, Iraq
-
Jawad Abdul Kadhim Kamal
College of Agriculture, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al Diwaniyah 58001, Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30564/re.v7i2.9267Abstract
The isolation of bacteria from the rhizosphere soil of different plants and locations in Diwaniyah Governorate and their diagnosis by two methods. Isolation and routine molecular diagnosis revealed ten bacterial isolates with the attributes of P. fluorescens out of fifteen local isolates that are represented by the following codes and sequences (P.f9, P.f8, P.f6, P.f5, P.f4, P.f2, P.f1, P.f14, P.f13, P.f11). Results also confirmed the diagnosis of bacterial isolates by biochemical and molecular tests using a specialized primer to amplify the bp698 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene, approved by Macrogen/Korea. The test efficiency in dissolving solid phosphate by P. fluorescens bacteria showed that the most effective is the (P.f1) isolate, giving the highest score effectiveness in mineral phosphate dissolution by the diameter of the clear zone around the colony, which was effective in phosphate dissolution up to 6.95 mm. The efficiency of the Nitrogen Fixation Test showed that the isolate (P.f5) scored the highest nitrogen-fixing efficiency amount with a value of 6.81 mg L–1. The quantitative amount of the hormone for each of Auxins, Cytokinins, and Gibberellins was assayed; the results with isolate (P.f1) for IAA (Auxins) gave a concentration up to 28.6 µg ml–1, which was the most, while the production of GA3 by isolate (P.f1) gave the maximum value of 36.7 µg ml–1, and for synthesis of the hormone of Cytokinins represented by isolate (P.f2), the highest value in the production of Cytokinins hormone was recorded at 26.3 µg ml–1.
Keywords:
Pseudomonas fluorescens; PCR; Phosphate Dissolution; Nitrogen Fixation; HormonesReferences
[1] Xu, Y., Chen, W., You, C., et al., 2017. Development of a multiplex PCR assay for detection of Pseudomonas fluorescens with biofilm formation ability. Journal of Food Science. 82(10), 2337–2342.
[2] Drancourt, M., Bollet, C., Carlioz, A., et al., 2000. 16S ribosomal DNA sequence analysis of a large collection of environmental and clinical unidentifiable bacterial isolates. Journal of clinical microbiology. 38(10), 3623–3630.
[3] Rojas-Sánchez, B., Castelán-Sánchez, H., Garfias-Zamora, E.Y., et al., 2024. Diversity of the maize root endosphere and rhizosphere microbiomes modulated by the inoculation with pseudomonas fluorescens UM270 in a milpa system. Plants. 13(7), 954.
[4] Yadav, A., Yadav, K., Vashistha, A., 2016. Phosphate solubilizing activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens PSM1 isolated from wheat rhizosphere. Journal of Applied and Natural Science. 8(1), 93.
[5] Vinod Babu, S., Gopal, A.V., Trimurtulu, N., et al., 2020. Isolation, screening and characterization of silica solubilizing bacteria from direct sown paddy (Oryza sativa L.) growing areas of Andhra Pradesh. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 9(10), 4054–4066.
[6] Hamid, M.Q., 2025. Response of physical properties of sandy soil treated with different levels of natural soil conditioners zeolite and perlite. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 41(2), 591–599.
[7] Shahzad, R., Khan, A.L., Bilal, S., et al., 2017. Plant growth-promoting endophytic bacteria versus pathogenic infections: An example of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RWL-1 and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato. PeerJ. 5, e3107.
[8] Palleroni, N.J., 1984. Family I. Pseudomonadaceae Winslow, Broadhurst, Buchanan, Krumwiede, Rogers and Smith, 1917, 555. In: Krieg, N.R., Holt, J.G. (eds.). Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Williams & Wilkins: Baltimore, MD, USA. pp. 141–213.
[9] Atlas, R.M., Parks, L.C., Brown, A.E., 1995. Laboratory Manual of Experimental Microbiology. Mosby-Year Book, Inc.: Saint Louis, MO, USA.
[10] Glickmann, E., Dessaux, Y., 1995. A critical examination of the specificity of the Salkowski reagent for indolic compounds produced by phytopathogenic bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 61(2), 793–796.
[11] Gordon, S.A., Weber, R.P., 1951. Colorimetric estimation of indoleacetic acid. Plant Physiology. 26(1), 192.
[12] Nepali, B., Bhattarai, S., Shrestha, J., 2018. Identification of Pseudomonas fluorescens using different biochemical tests. International Journal of Applied Biology. 2(2), 27–32.
[13] Kamil, S.H., ALjasani, R.F., ALShammari, H.I., 2023. Isolation, identefecation and effecincy of Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria to termite microcerotermis diversus. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 54(6), 1583–1593.
[14] Al-Sajad, M.S., Alsalim, H.A.A., 2024. Detection of genes responsible for heavy metals resistance in locally isolated Pseudomonas spp. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 55(1), 361–370.
[15] Polse, R.F., Khalid, H.M., Mero, W.M.S., 2024. Molecular identification and detection of virulence genes among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burns infections. Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences. 10(1), 7–12.
[16] Hamid, M.Q., 2025. Mycorrhiza and Trichoderma fungi role in improving soil physical properties planted with maize (Zea mays L.). SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics. 57(1), 260–269.
[17] Al-Zayadi, A.M., Jarallah, R.S., 2025. Effect of bioinoculum and crop waste at the concentration of N, P, K and the sustainability of natural resources in soil planted with wheat. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 1449(1), 012109.
[18] Al-Zayadi, A.M., Jarallah, R.S., 2023. Impact of fertilizer type and vegetative growth duration on the availability of copper in clay loam soil planted of maize (Zea mays L.) in Iraq. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 1259(1), 012002.
[19] Jukes, T.H., Cantor, C.R., 1969. Evolution of protein molecules. Mammalian Protein Metabolism. 3(21), 132.
[20] Kumar, S., Sindhu, S.S., Kumar, R., 2022. Biofertilizers: An ecofriendly technology for nutrient recycling and environmental sustainability. Current Research in Microbial Sciences. 3, 100094.
[21] Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Kumar, S., 2021. MEGA11: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38(7), 3022–3027.
[22] Fouzia, A., Allaoua, S., Hafsa, C.S., Mostefa, G., 2015. Plant growth promoting and antagonistic traits of indigenous fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. isolated from wheat rhizosphere and A. halimus endosphere. European Scientific Journal. 11(24), 201–201.
[23] Nagpal, S., Sharma, P., Sirari, A., et al., 2021. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as model legume for decoding the co-existence of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Mesorhizobium sp. as bio-fertilizer under diverse agro-climatic zones. Microbiological Research. 247, 126720.
[24] Hundi, H.K., Hamid, M.Q., Noori, A.A.M., 2025. Role of Ochrobactrum Bacteria and Organic Matter in Plant Growth and the Content of N, P, and K Under Soil Salinity Stress. Journal of Environmental & Earth Sciences. 7(5), 130–139.
[25] Tian, X., Zhang, C., Ju, X., 2023. Crop responses to application of optimum nitrogen fertilizers on soils of various fertilities formed from long-term fertilization regimes. European Journal of Agronomy. 148, 126857.
[26] Saad, T.M., Ghanem, B.N., Hassan, J., 2016. Study of the effect of addition of bacteriological vaccine using Rizophyosarum strains and the addition of Vicia faba. Al-Muthanna Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 4(1), 1–16.
[27] Ng, C.W.W., Yan, W.H., Tsim, K.W.K., et al., 2022. Effects of Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens as the soil amendment. Heliyon, 8(11), eq11674.
[28] Basmal, J., Kusumawati, R., 2023. The role of microorganisms in solid biofertilizer production. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 1137(1), 012037.
[29] Kejela, T., 2024. Phytohormone-producing rhizobacteria and their role in plant growth. In: Ali, B., Iqbal, J. (eds.). New Insights into Phytohormones. IntechOpen: London, UK.
Downloads
How to Cite
Naseer Jawad Kadhim, & Jawad Abdul Kadhim Kamal. (2025). Isolation and Identification of the Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens by 16S rRNA Sequence Analysis Its Efficacy as a Bioinoculator. Research in Ecology, 7(2), 83–92. https://doi.org/10.30564/re.v7i2.9267
Issue
Article Type
Articles
License
Copyright © 2025 Naseer Jawad Kadhim, Jawad Abdul Kadhim Kamal
This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.
