Ecological Enhancement of Agaricus bisporus L. Mushrooms' Vitamin Content Using Carbon Nanotubes, Magnetic Iron Nanoparticles, and Biostimulants

Authors

  • Mustafa Algarawi

    Department of Soil Science and Water Resource, University of Al-Qadisiyah, AL-Diwaniyah 58000, Iraq
  • Hayyawi Al-Juthery

    Department of Soil Science and Water Resource, University of Al-Qadisiyah, AL-Diwaniyah 58000, Iraq
  • Rukaibaa Chechan

    College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10011, Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30564/re.v7i3.9797
Received: 30 April 2025 | Revised: 12 May 2025 | Accepted: 16 May 2025 | Published Online: 1 July 2025

Abstract

The edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus L. plays a crucial ecological role in nutrient cycling and organic matter decomposition, alongside its increasing importance in the food and nutrition industry. This study explored ecological interventions to enhance the mushroom's vitamin content by enriching its cultivation substrate with nanomaterials and biostimulatory agents. The experiment was conducted within the mushroom production project at Al-Qadisiyah Governorate, Iraq. The compost-based medium was amended with magnetic iron nanoparticles (N-FeO), carbon nanotube (CNT) suspensions, EM biofertilizer, and Atonik growth stimulant. Their ecological impact on the enrichment of fat-soluble (A, D, E) and water-soluble (B2, B3, B5, B6) vitamins in mushrooms was assessed. The study employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replicates. Results revealed that the synergistic application of these eco-friendly treatments significantly enhanced the vitamin profiles of A. bisporus. The highest concentrations of vitamins B2 and B5 (5.16 and 17.70 mg kg⁻¹, respectively) and vitamin A (6.87 IU ml⁻¹) were recorded under the combined quadruple treatment. Additionally, the triple treatment (N-FeO + EM + Atonik) notably increased levels of vitamins B2 (4.47 mg kg⁻¹), B6 (25.66 mg kg⁻¹), D (34.76 mg kg⁻¹), and vitamin A (6.87 IU ml⁻¹). Dual treatments (EM + Atonik) also significantly improved vitamin B2 (4.54 mg kg⁻¹) and vitamin E (3.30 mg kg⁻¹) contents. These findings demonstrate that integrating nanomaterials and biostimulants can serve as an ecological strategy to improve the nutritional quality of mushrooms while promoting sustainable agricultural practices.

Keywords:

Agaricus bisporus L.; Ecological Cultivation; EM Biofertilizer; Iron Nanoparticles; Carbon Nanotubes; Sustainable Agriculture; Water-Soluble Vitamins; Fat-Soluble Vitamins

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How to Cite

Mustafa Algarawi, Hayyawi Al-Juthery, & Rukaibaa Chechan. (2025). Ecological Enhancement of Agaricus bisporus L. Mushrooms’ Vitamin Content Using Carbon Nanotubes, Magnetic Iron Nanoparticles, and Biostimulants. Research in Ecology, 7(3), 60–71. https://doi.org/10.30564/re.v7i3.9797

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Vol. 7, Iss. 3 (August 2025)(in progress)

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Articles

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Copyright © 2025 Mustafa Algarawi, Hayyawi Al-Juthery, Rukaibaa Chechan

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This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.

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