Difficulties and strategies of teaching Spanish language to collegiate Chavacano learners

Authors

  • Melanie F. Lear

    Western Mindanao State University

  • Aubrey F Reyes

    Western Mindanao State University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59400/fls.v5i1.1590

Abstract

Spanish-based creole, Chavacano, is widely known for its close resemblance to the actual Spanish language especially in lexicons. Its Spanish-like quality seems to capture most of the vocabulary of the language. The purpose of this study was to determine the difficulties of Chavacano speakers in learning Spanish. Narrative data from eight Spanish language teachers teaching in southern Philippines were used to analyze the challenges of their students, as well as to determine the emerging strategies used by these teachers. The findings indicated that collegiate Chavacano learners had trouble in learning the verb conjugation, the structure, and its grammar in general. Additionally, the teachers observed that their students are “not very motivated” in learning the language. Notably, students do not consider Spanish as an important language in their future career. In regards to strategies, inductive methods were the most dominant strategies that Spanish language teachers harness and implement in their classrooms. The narrative data in this study set a new theoretical context for language learning which is essential in the fields of education, communication, linguistics, and learning. Nevertheless, this study encompassed how teachers were able to harness the Spanish language teaching within their challenging classrooms.

Keywords:

Chavacano, inductive teaching, language learning, motivation

References

[1] Álvarez-Pier CM (2018) The Chavacano language of the Philippines: Facing the challenges of the 21st century. In: The Economic and Commercial Influence of Spanish-Based Languages. Madrid: Ministerio de Economía y Empresa, pp.178.

[2] Askland S (2018) “Too much grammar will kill you!” Teaching Spanish as a foreign language in Norway: What teachers say about grammar teaching. Nordic Journal of Language Teaching and Learning 6(2): 57–84. DOI: 10.46364/njmlm.v6i2.435

[3] Baddeley A (2003) Working memory and language: An overview. Journal of Communication Disorders 36(3): 189–208. DOI: 10.1016/S0021-9924(03)00019-4

[4] Berdicevskis A and Semenuks A (2022) Imperfect language learning reduces morphological overspecification: Experimental evidence. PloS ONE 17(1): e0262876. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262876

[5] Borg S (2015) Teacher Cognition and Language Education: Research and Practice. Bloomsbury: Bloomsbury Publishing.

[6] Bunting MF and Wen ZE (2022) Working memory in language learning and bilingual development. In: Logie R, Wen Z, Gathercole S, et al. (eds.) Memory in Science for Society: There is Nothing as Practical as a Good Theory (Chapter 12). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

[7] Campos-Bustos JL (2019) Estudiantado haitiano en Chile: Aproximaciones a los procesos de integración lingüística en el aula [Haitian students in Chile: Approaches to linguistic integration in the classroom]. Revista Educación 43(1): 433–450. DOI: 10.15517/revedu.v43i1.30458

[8] Carruthers P (2003) On Fodor’s problem. Mind & Language 18(5): 502–523. DOI: 10.1111/1468-0017.00240

[9] Chan M, Buttiler MB, Yang F, et al. (2022) Teachers’ language use in multilingual head start classrooms: Implications for dual language learners. Children 9(12): 1871. DOI: 10.3390/children9121871

[10] Chavez JV (2022) Narratives of bilingual parents on the real-life use of English language: Materials for English language teaching curriculum. Arab World English Journal 13(3): 325–338. DOI: 10.24093/awej/vol13no3.21

[11] Chavez M (2016) The first language in the foreign language classroom: Teacher model and student language use—An exploratory study. Classroom Discourse 7(2): 131–163. DOI: 10.1080/19463014.2016.1149499

[12] Demerouti E, Bakker AB, Nachreiner F, and Schaufeli WB (2001) The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology 86(3): 499–512. DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499

[13] Dornyei Z (2019) Towards a better understanding of the L2 Learning Experience, the Cinderella of the L2 Motivational Self System. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 9(1): 19–30.

[14] García E, Arias MB, Harris Murri NJ, and Serna C (2010) Developing responsive teachers: A challenge for a demographic reality. Journal of Teacher Education 61(1–2): 132–142. DOI: 10.1177/0022487109347878

[15] Gardner RC (1985) Social Psychology in Second Language Learning. London: Edward Arnold Ltd.

[16] Gardner RC and Lambert WE (1972) Attitudes and Motivation in Second Language Learning. Rowley, MA: Newbury House Publishers.

[17] Glozah FN and Pevalin DJ (2014) Social support, stress, health and academic success in Ghanaian adolescents: A path analysis. Journal of Adolescence 37(4): 451–460. DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.03.010

[18] Habiban E, Wong SP, and Maria CA (2011) Stress and academic achievement among undergraduate learners in University Putra Malaysia. Social and Behavioral Science 29: 646–655. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.288

[19] Hasson U, Egidi G, Marelli M, and Willems RM (2018) Grounding the neurobiology of language in first principles: The necessity of non-language-centric explanations for language comprehension. Cognition 180: 135–157. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.018

[20] Hobfoll SE (2002) Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of General Psychology 6(4): 307–324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.6.4.307

[21] Indeed Editorial Team (2022) Exploratory Research: What It Is and How to Conduct a Study [online]. Available at: https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/exploratory-study

[22] Jahara SF, Hussain M, Kumar T, et al. (2022) The core of self-assessment and academic stress among EFL learners: The mediating role of coping styles. Language Testing in Asia 12: 21. DOI: 10.1186/s40468-022-00170-9

[23] Jain Y, Sidhu GK, and Lim BK (2012) The attitudes of freshman undergraduates in learning English as a second language. Asian Journal of University Education 8(1): 85–106.

[24] Klingberg T (2009) The Overflowing Brain: Information Overload and the Limits of Working Memory. New York: Oxford University Press.

[25] Llovet Vilà X (2016) Language teacher cognition and practice about a practical approach: The teaching of speaking in the Spanish as a foreign language classroom in Norwegian lower secondary school. PhD Thesis, University of Bergen, Norway.

[26] Lochmiller LR (2021) Conducting a thematic analysis with qualitative data. The Qualitative Report 26(6): 2029–2044. DOI: 10.46743/2160-3715/2021.5008

[27] MacWhinney B and O’Grady W (eds.) (2015) The Handbook of Language Emergence. New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.

[28] Mansor NS, Aziz NA, Olmedo BV, and Nor MM (2022) Basic Spanish for Malaysian students: Learning difficulties. Asian Journal of University Education 18(4): 1024–1033. DOI: 10.24191/ajue.v18i4.20011

[29] Mazuin MH, Narehan H, Nur Athirah S, et al. (2020) Moderating effects of student motivation on the relationship between learning styles and student engagement. Asian Journal of University Education 16(3): 93–103. DOI: 10.24191/ajue.v16i2.10301

[30] Moghimisalam M, Jafari P, and Hooseini M (2011) Impact of stress management training on the girl high school learner academic achievement. Social and Behavioral Science 89(10): 22–26. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.803

[31] Montero y Vidal J (1886) El Archipiélago Filipino y las islas Marianas, Carolinas y Palaos: Su Historia, Geografía y Estadística [The Philippine Archipelago and the Mariana, Caroline and Palau Islands: Their History, Geography and Statistics]. Madrid: Imprenta y Fundición de Manuel Tello.

[32] My Duong T, Quoc Tran T, and Thanh Pham Nguyen T (2021) Non-English majored students’ use of English Vocabulary learning strategies with technology-enhanced language learning tools. Asian Journal of University Education 17(4): 455–463. DOI: 10.24191/ajue.v17i4.16252

[33] Ní Dhiorbháin A and Ó Duibhir P (2017) An explicit-inductive approach to grammar in Irish-medium immersion schools. Language Awareness 26(1): 3–24. DOI: 10.1080/09658416.2016.1261870

[34] Nowell LS, Norris JM, White DE, and Moules NJ (2017) Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods 16(1). DOI: 10.1177/1609406917733847

[35] O’Grady W (2017) Working memory and language: From phonology to grammar (Commentary). Applied Psycholinguistics 38(6): 1340–1343. DOI: 10.1017/S0142716417000327

[36] Parkvall M (2008) The simplicity of creoles in a cross-linguistic perspective. In: Miestamo M, Sinnemäki K, and Karlsson F (eds.) Language Complexity: Typology, Contact, Change. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

[37] Peng P, Barnes M, Wang CC, et al. (2018) A meta-analysis on the relation between reading and working memory. Psychological Bulletin 144(1): 48–76. DOI: 10.1037/bul0000124

[38] Riessman CK (2011) What’s different about narrative inquiry? Cases, categories and contexts. Qualitative Research 3: 310–330.

[39] Russell V (2014) A closer look at the output hypothesis: The effect of pushed output on noticing and inductive learning of the Spanish future tense. Foreign Language Annals 47(1): 25–47. DOI: 10.1111/flan.12077

[40] Shaffer C (1989) A comparison of inductive and deductive approaches to teaching foreign languages. The Modern Language Journal 73(4): 395–403. DOI: 10.2307/326874

[41] Shipstead Z, Lindsey DR, Marshall RL, and Engle RW (2014) The mechanisms of working memory capacity: Primary memory, secondary memory, and attention control. Journal of Memory and Language 72: 116–141. DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2014.01.004

[42] Singh KKM, Fu DLE, Chu ILY, et al. (2021) Motivational orientations of learning Japanese as a foreign language among undergraduates in a public university in Malaysia. Asian Journal of University Education 17(3): 255–270. DOI: 10.24191/ajue.v17i3.14525

[43] Skehan P (1991) Individual differences in second language learning. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 13(2): 275–298. DOI: 10.1017/S0272263100009979

[44] Sue VM and Ritter LA (2012) Conducting Online Surveys. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

[45] Swain M (2005) The output hypothesis: Theory and research. In: Handbook of Research in Second Language Teaching and Learning. New York: Routledge, pp.471–483.

[46] Swain M and Lapkin S (2000) Task-based second language learning: The uses of the first language. Language Teaching Research 4(3): 251–274. DOI: 10.1177/136216880000400304

[47] Tapia Parada CI and Tour E (2022) Challenges for teachers working in mainstream schools with culturally and linguistically diverse students in Chile: Two case studies. International Journal of Multicultural Education 24(2): 97–113.

[48] Tsou W (2005) Improving speaking skills through instruction in oral classroom participation. Foreign Language Annals 38(1): 46–55. DOI: 10.1111/j.1944-9720.2005.tb02452.x

[49] Valles Akil L (1999) A paper on Malayo-Polynesian influence on Chavacano syntax and a comparative study of urban and rural Chavacano of Zamboanga City. In: National Conference on the Chavacano Language, Cultiva el Lenguaje Chavacano Ayer, Ahora y Hasta para Cuando, Zamboanga, November 1999. Zamboanga: Ateneo de Zamboanga University.

[50] Vogel SP and Engelhard Jr G (2011) Using Rasch measurement theory to examine two instructional approaches for teaching and learning of French grammar. Journal of Educational Research 104(4): 267–282. DOI: 10.1080/00220671003733815

[51] Wallace MP (2022) Individual differences in second language listening: Examining the role of knowledge, metacognitive awareness, memory, and attention. Language Learning 72(1): 5–44. DOI: 10.1111/lang.12424

[52] Wen Z, Mota MB, and McNeill A (2013) Working memory and SLA: Towards an integrated theory. Asian Journal of English Language Teaching 23: 1–18.

[53] Widyasari H and Dardjito H (2022) Teaching Indonesian for other language speakers. Technium Social Sciences Journal 28: 43–51.

Downloads

Issue

Article Type

Article