Chuhan Xu
Beijing Language and Culture University, Beijing, 100083, China
Zhonggen Yu
Beijing Language and Culture University, Beijing, 100083, China
Recent years have witnessed a surge of interest in learners’ Willingness to Communicate (WTC) within the L2 learning environment. This study aims to explore current trends, remarkable subjects, influential authors, sources and interplay of WTC variables in L2 learning from 1985 to 2023. A total of 259 articles were selected through PRISMA for the visualization of VOSviewer, and 221 publications for the citation network analysis with CitNetExplorer. The findings revealed 3 major variables with the capacity to influence WTC: individual traits, teachers’ roles, and learning environments. Prominent themes include the rising trend of positive psychology, the importance of motivation, confidence, attitudes, the application of teacher immediacy and WTC in L2 learning. The study also highlights the significance of considering peer and cultural factors in future research. By providing a rigorous overview of the literature, this study contributes valuable insights into the current state of WTC in L2 learning education.
Amirian, S.M.R., Daneshrah, A., Mehrabadi, H., 2022. Examining the role of foreign language anxiety and attachment style in willingness to communicate. Psychological Studies. 67(4), 480–487. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-022-00681-8
Bernales, C., 2016. Towards a comprehensive concept of Willingness to Communicate: Learners’ predicted and self-reported participation in the foreign language classroom. System. 56, 1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2015.11.002
Cao, Y., 2011. Investigating situational willingness to communicate within second language classrooms from an ecological perspective. System. 39(4), 468–479. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2011.10.016
Cao, Y., 2014. A Sociocognitive Perspective on Second Language Classroom Willingness to Communicate. TESOL Quarterly. 48(4), 789–814. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.155
Cheng, L., Xu, J., 2022. Chinese English as a foreign language learners’ individual differences and their willingness to communicate. Frontiers in Psychology. 13, 883664. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.883664
Clément, R., Baker, S.C., MacIntyre, P.D., 2003. Willingness to communicate in a second language: The effects of context, norms, and vitality. Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 22(2), 190–209. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X03022002003
Dewaele, J.M., 2019. The effect of classroom emotions, attitudes toward english, and teacher behavior on willingness to communicate among english foreign language learners. Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 38(4), 523–535. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X19864996
Ducker, N.T., 2024. Schrödinger’s turn: An interactional examination of willingness to communicate and talk in codependent and competitive group talk. The Modern Language Journal. 108(1), 322–352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12911
Elahi Shirvan, M., Khajavy, G.H., MacIntyre, P.D., et al., 2019. A meta-analysis of l2 willingness to communicate and its three high-evidence correlates. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research. 48(6), 1241–1267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-019-09656-9
Gardner, R.C., 1985. Social psychology and second language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. Studies in Second Language Acquisition. Edward Arnold. pp. xiv+208. Cambridge University Press: London.
Ghadirzade Toosy, S., Jajarmi, H., 2023. ESQ in L2 willingness to communicate and communicative ability. Journal of Business, Communication & Technology. 15–27. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56632/bct.2023.2202
Hou, Y., Yu, Z., 2023. A bibliometric analysis of synchronous computer-mediated communication in language learning using vosviewer and CitNetExplorer. Education Sciences. 13(2), 125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13020125
Ito, T., 2021. The influence of psychological network on the willingness to communicate in a second language. PLoS ONE. 16(9), e0256644. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256644
Jelinkova, J., Petrus, P., Laue, A., 2023. The impact of feedback on students
Joe, H.K., Hiver, P., Al-Hoorie, A.H., 2017. Classroom social climate, self-determined motivation, willingness to communicate, and achievement: A study of structural relationships in instructed second language settings. Learning and Individual Differences. 53, 133–144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.11.005
Katsaris, A., 2019. The Willingness to Communicate (WTC): Origins, significance, and propositions for the L2/FL classroom. Journal of Applied Languages and Linguistics, 3(2), 31-42.
Khajavy, G.H., Ghonsooly, B., Hosseini Fatemi, A., et al., 2016. Willingness to Communicate in English: A Microsystem Model in the Iranian EFL Classroom Context. TESOL Quarterly. 50(1), 154–180. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.204
Léger, D. de S., Storch, N., 2009. Learners’ perceptions and attitudes: Implications for willingness to communicate in an L2 classroom. System. 37(2), 269–285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2009.01.001
Lin, Y., Yu, Z., 2023. A bibliometric analysis of peer assessment in online language courses. Languages. 8(1), 47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/languages8010047
Liu, M., 2017. Adult Chinese as a second language learners’ willingness to communicate in chinese: Effects of cultural, affective, and linguistic variables. Psychological Reports. 120(3), 423–442. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294117692808
Ma, H., Ismail, L., Noordin, N., et al., 2023. Bibliometric analysis of willingness to communicate in the English as a second language (ESL) context. Humanities & Social Sciences Communications. 10(1), 702. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-02109-8
Macintyre, P.D., Baker, S., Clément, R., et al., 2003. Talking in order to learn: Willingness to communicate and intensive language programs. The Canadian Modern Language Review. 59(4), 589–608. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.59.4.589
MacIntyre, P.D., Charos, C., 1996. Personality, attitudes, and affect as predictors of second language communication. Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 15(1), 3–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X960151001
Macintyre, P.D., Clément, R., Dörnyei, Z., et al., 1998. Conceptualizing willingness to communicate in a l2: A situational model of l2 confidence and affiliation. The Modern Language Journal. 82(4), 545–562. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1998.tb05543.x
MacIntyre, P.D., Doucette, J., 2010. Willingness to communicate and action control. System. 38(2), 161–171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2009.12.013
McCroskey, J., Baer, J., 1985. Willingness to Communicate: The Construct and Its Measurement.
Öz, H., Demirezen, M., Pourfeiz, J., 2015. Willingness to communicate of EFL learners in Turkish context. Learning and Individual Differences. 37, 269–275. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2014.12.009
Page, M., Mckenzie, J., Bossuyt, P., et al., 2021. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 134. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.03.001
Pasban, M.A., Haddad Narafshan, M., 2020. The relationship between learners’ academic goal motives and L2 (second language) willingness to communicate in English language classes: A look at academic goal motives’ orientations. Cogent Psychology. 7(1), 1824307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2020.1824307
Pawlak, M., Mystkowska-Wiertelak, A., Bielak, J., 2016. Investigating the nature of classroom willingness to communicate (WTC): A micro-perspective. Language Teaching Research. 20(5), 654–671. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168815609615
Peng, J.E., 2012. Towards an ecological understanding of willingness to communicate in EFL classrooms in China. System. 40(2), 203–213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2012.02.002
Peng, J.E., Woodrow, L., 2010. Willingness to communicate in english: A model in the Chinese EFL classroom context. Language Learning. 60(4), 834–876. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00576.x
Peng, J.E., Zhang, L., Chen, Y., 2017. The mediation of multimodal affordances on willingness to communicate in the english as a foreign language classroom. TESOL Quarterly. 51(2), 302–331. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.298
Pishghadam, R., 2024. Emotional-cognitive dynamics of “waitance”: Unraveling its relationship with teaching burnout. Journal of Cognition Emotion and Education. 2(1), 66–57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22034/cee.2024.189873
Sadeghi Ordoubadi, M., Tabatabaeian, M., Farkhondehfal, E., 2023. Communication apprehension, privacy preferences and L2 willingness to communicate: Can they predict communication ability? Journal of Business, Communication & Technology. 39–53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.56632/bct.2023.2204
Shirzadeh, F., Jajarmi, H., 2023. Teachers’ stroking behavior in anxiety willingness to communicate and achievement. Journal of Cognition, Emotion and Education. 1(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.22034/cee.2023.172167
Standards for reporting on empirical social science research in aera publications: American educational research association 2006. Educational Researcher. 35(6), 33–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X035006033
Van Eck, N.J., Waltman, L., 2010. Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics. 84(2), 523–538. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0146-3
Van Eck, N.J., Waltman, L., 2014. CitNetExplorer: A new software tool for analyzing and visualizing citation networks. Journal of Informetrics. 8(4), 802–823. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2014.07.006
Wang, M., Wang, H., Shi, Y., 2022. The role of English as a foreign language learners’ grit and foreign language anxiety in their willingness to communicate: Theoretical perspectives. Frontiers in Psychology. 13, 1002562. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1002562
Wilczewski, M., Alon, I., 2023. Language and communication in international students’ adaptation: A bibliometric and content analysis review. Higher Education. 85(6), 1235–1256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-022-00888-8
Wu, C.P., Lin, H.J., 2014. Anxiety about speaking a foreign language as a mediator of the relation between motivation and willingness to communicate. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 119(3), 785–798. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2466/22.PMS.119c32z7
Yashima, T., MacIntyre, P.D., Ikeda, M., 2018. Situated willingness to communicate in an L2: Interplay of individual characteristics and context. Language Teaching Research. 22(1), 115–137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168816657851
Zarrinabadi, N., 2014. Communicating in a second language: Investigating the effect of teacher on learners’ willingness to communicate. System. 42, 288–295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2013.12.014
Zhang, J., Beckmann, N., Beckmann, J.F., 2018. To talk or not to talk: A review of situational antecedents of willingness to communicate in the second language classroom. System. 72, 226–239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2018.01.003
Copyright © 2024 Zhonggen Yu, Chuhan Xu
This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
