Metaphors in Translation: A Study of Figurative Language in Badriah Albeshr's Hend and the Soldiers

Authors

  • Faiz Algobaei

    Sciences and General Studies Department, Al-Fayha Private College, Al Jubail City 35811, Saudi Arabia

  • Elham Alzain

    Department of Languages and Humanities, Applied College in Abqaiq, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30564/fls.v7i8.9434
Received: 10 April 2025 | Revised: 30 April 2025 | Accepted: 16 May 2025 | Published Online: 11 August 2025

Abstract

The study aims to examine the translation of metaphors in the Arabic novel "Hend wa Alasker"and its English translation, Hend and the Soldiers. It employs the Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) and Cognitive Metaphor Theory. Using a mixed-method approach, the quantitative analysis applies MIP to identify metaphors and measure their frequency. The qualitative analysis explores how conceptual patterns are formed and how translation strategies such as adaptation, preservation, alteration, and omission are employed to convey metaphorical meaning across languages. The findings reveal that ontological metaphors are the most frequently used. Structural metaphors follow, while orientational metaphors are the least common. The findings also show that the most frequent category involves different mappings and lexical choices. Metaphors with similar mappings but different lexical choices come next, while metaphors with similar mappings but different lexical choices are the least frequent. The study concludes with a discussion of the translation strategies employed within each category. It identifies adaptation as the most frequently utilized strategy, followed by preservation. Alteration and omission are used less frequently. The study offers theoretical insights and practical strategies beneficial to translators, scholars, institutions, and non-Arabic-speaking readers.

Keywords:

Translation; Arabic-English; Metaphor; Identification; Cognitive; Conceptual

References

[1] Albeshr, B., 2006. Hend wa Alaskar. Dar Al Saqi: Beirut, Lebanon.

[2] Albeshr, B., 2017. Hend and the Soldiers. Dhahir, S., (Trans.). University of Texas Press: Austin, TX, USA.

[3] Aldeeb, N.R., 2021. An Intersectional Feminist Reading of The Dove’sNecklace and Hend and the Soldiers. In Jussawalla, F., Omran, D., (Eds.). Memory, Voice, and Identity. Routledge: New York, NY, USA.

[4] Bassnett, S., 2013. Translation Studies. Routledge: London, UK. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203488232

[5] Lakoff, G., Johnson, M., 1980. Metaphors We Live by. Available from: https://sites.cc.gatech.edu/classes/AY2013/cs7601_spring/papers/Lakoff_Johnson.pdf (cited 15 January 2025).

[6] Newmark, P., 1988. A Textbook of Translation. Pearson Education Limited: Essex, UK.

[7] Mohammad, Q.A., Mohammed, N.A., Ali, R.A., 2007. COGNO‐CULTURAL ISSUES IN TRANSLATING METAPHORS. Perspectives. 14(3), 230–239. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09076760708669040

[8] Mandelblit, N., 1995. The cognitive view of metaphor and its implications for translation theory. In: Thelen, M., Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, B. (eds.). Translation and Meaning 3. Maastricht University of Applied Sciences: Maastricht, Netherlands. Available from: https://aplicacionesua.cpd.ua.es/tra_int/usu/vercompleto.asp?txtId=47576

[9] Al-Hasnawi, A.R., 2007. A cognitive approach to translating metaphors. Translation Journal. Available from: https://translationjournal.net/journal/41metaphor.htm

[10] Motair A.A.A., Algobaei, F., Alhazmi, M.D., 2025. Ethics in Translation: A Pathway to Integrity in Future Professionals. Arts for Linguistic & Literary Studies. 7(1), 711–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.53286/arts.v7i1.2417

[11] Merriam-Webster, 2024. Metaphor. Available from: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metaphor (cited 25 February 2025).

[12] Aristotle, n.d. Aristotle: Poetics. Available from: https://iep.utm.edu/aristotle-poetics

[13] Richards, I.A., 1936. The Philosophy of Rhetoric. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.

[14] Black, M., 1977. More about Metaphor. Dialectica. 31(3–4), 431–457. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-8361.1977.tb01296.x

[15] Kövecses, Z., 2010. Metaphor: A Practical Introduction, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.

[16] Hawkes, T., 1980. Metaphor. Methuen & Co., Ltd.: New York, NY, USA.

[17] Farghal, M., Mansour, R., 2020. Translating Arabic Metaphorical Expressions into English: Mahfouz’s Morning and Evening Talk as an Example. International Journal of Arabic-English Studies. 20(1), 105–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33806/ijaes2000.20.1.6

[18] Schäffner, C., 2004. Metaphor and translation: some implications of a cognitive approach. Journal of Pragmatics. 36(7), 1253–69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2003.10.012

[19] MacKay, D.G., Konishi, T., 1980. Review of Metaphor and Thought, by A. Ortony. Language. 56(4), 916–917. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/413522

[20] Fainsilber, L., Ortony, A., 1987. Metaphorical Uses of Language in the Expression of Emotions. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity. 2(4), 239–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327868ms0204_2

[21] Vervaeke, J., Kennedy, J.M., 1996. Metaphors in Language and Thought: Falsification and Multiple Meanings. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity. 11(4), 273–84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327868ms1104_3

[22] Thibodeau, P.H., Matlock, T., Flusberg, S.J., 2019. The role of metaphor in communication and thought. Lang Linguist Compass. 13(5). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12327

[23] Davidson, D., 1978. What Metaphors Mean. Critical Inquiry. 5(1), 31–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/447971

[24] Burbules, N.C., Schraw, G., Trathen, W., 1989. Metaphor, Idiom, and Figuration. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity. 4(2), 93–110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327868ms0402_2

[25] Gibbs, R.W., Jr., 1999. Researching metaphor. In: Cameron, L., Low, G. (eds). Researching and Applying Metaphor. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. pp. 29–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139524704.005

[26] Steen, G., 2014. The cognitive-linguistic revolution in metaphor studies. In: Taylor, J.R., Littlemore, J. (eds). The Bloomsbury Companion to Cognitive Linguistics. Bloomsbury Publishing: London, UK. pp. 117–142.

[27] Gibbs, R.W., 1994. The Poetics of mind: Figurative thought, Language, and Understanding. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.

[28] Steen, G.J., 2017. Attention to metaphor: Where embodied cognition and social interaction can meet, but may not often do so. In: Hampe, B. (eds). Metaphor. Embodied Cognition and Discourse. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. pp. 279–96.

[29] Kövecses, Z., 2010. A new look at metaphorical creativity in cognitive linguistics. Cognitive Linguistics. 21(4), 663–97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/cogl.2010.021

[30] He, K., Yun, H., 2017. On Translation Obstacles of Metaphorical Language. English Language and Literature Studies. 7(4), 104–109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5539/ells.v7n4p104

[31] Adiel, M., Ahmed, D., 2016. Problems in Translating Metaphorical Expressions. International Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education. 3(6), 46–50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0381.0306008

[32] Omar, K.H., 2021. The Challenges the Translation of Metaphors Pose and the Ways in Which Translators Can Overcome Them. Academic Journal of Nawroz University. 10(3), 286–295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v10n3a960

[33] Dobrzyńska, T., 1995. Translating metaphor: Problems of meaning. Journal of Pragmatics. 24, 595–604. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-2166(95)00022-K

[34] Manipuspika, S.Y., 2018. Analyzing Translation of Metaphor: A Case Study. Studies in Linguistics and Literature. 2(1), 1–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22158/sll.v2n1p1

[35] Pragglejaz, G., 2007. MIP: A Method for Identifying Metaphorically Used Words in Discourse. Metaphor and Symbol. 22(1), 1–39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10926480709336752

[36] Lakoff, G., 1993. The contemporary theory of metaphor. In: Ortony, A. (ed.). Metaphor and Thought, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK.

[37] Meng, Y., 2023. A Semiotic Perspective of the Translations of Metaphors in Literary Works with Reproducing the Metaphorical Image Schema. Advances in Literary Study. 11(3), 306–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/als.2023.113021

[38] Nida, E.A., 1964. Toward a Science of Translating: With Special Reference to Principles and Procedures Involved in Bible Translating, 2nd ed. BRILL: Leiden, Netherlands. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004495746

[39] Alzain, E., Nagi, K.A., AlGobaei, F., 2024. The Quality of Google Translate and ChatGPT English to Arabic Translation The Case of Scientific Text Translation. Forum for Linguistic Studies. 6(3), 837–49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/fls.v6i3.6799

[40] Algobaei, F., Alzain, E., Naji, E., et al., 2024. Gender Issues between Gemini and ChatGPT: The Case of English-Arabic Translation. World Journal of English Language. 15(1), 9–16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v15n1p9

[41] Kövecses, Z., 2005. Metaphor in Culture. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614408

[42] Creswell, J.W., Creswell, J.D., 2018. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 5th ed. Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.

[43] Patton, M.Q., 2002. Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods, 3rd ed. Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA.

[44] Cazeaux, C., 2007. Metaphor and Continental Philosophy. Routledge: London, UK. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203326831

[45] Deignan, A., 2005. Metaphor and Corpus Linguistics. John Benjamins Publishing Company: Amsterdam, Netherlands. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/celcr.6

[46] Dickins, J., Hervey, S., Higgins, I., 2013. Thinking Arabic Translation. Routledge: London, UK. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315012650

[47] Schäffner, C., 2016. Metaphor in translation. In: Semino, E., Demjén, D. (eds). The Routledge Handbook of Metaphor and Language. Routledge: London, UK.

[48] Kövecses, Z., 2010. Metaphor, language, and culture. DELTA: Documentação de Estudos Em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicad. 26, 739–57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-44502010000300017

[49] Charteris-Black, J., 2004. Corpus Approaches to Critical Metaphor Analysis. Palgrave Macmillan London: London, UK. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230000612

[50] Sopory, P., Dillard, J.P., 2002. The Persuasive Effects of Metaphor: A Meta-Analysis. Human Communication Research. 28(3), 382–419. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00813.x

[51] Baker, M., 2018. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation, 3rd ed. Routledge: Abingdon, UK; New York, NY, USA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315619187

[52] Khalifah, L., Zibin, A., 2022. Arabic-English metaphor translation from a cognitive linguistic perspective. Babel. 68(6), 860–889. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/babel.00296.kha

Downloads

How to Cite

Algobaei, F., & Alzain, E. (2025). Metaphors in Translation: A Study of Figurative Language in Badriah Albeshr’s Hend and the Soldiers. Forum for Linguistic Studies, 7(8), 740–763. https://doi.org/10.30564/fls.v7i8.9434