Linguistic Genocide of Indigenous Languages in Pakistan and India: A Comparative Analysis of Language Policies and Practices

Authors

  • Hamid Naveed

    Department of English, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
  • Muntazar Mehdi

    Department of English, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
  • Sareen Kaur Bhar

    Learning Institute for Empowerment, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30564/fls.v7i9.9783
Received: 3 May 2025 | Revised: 26 May 2025 | Accepted: 5 June 2025 | Published Online: 11 September 2025

Abstract

In the postcolonial world, language policies significantly influence the linguistic configuration of nations, often determining the survival or extinction of indigenous languages. This research provides a comparative analysis of Pakistan's and India's language policies and practices to examine whether they promote linguistic diversity or perpetuate linguicism. Data were collected from the constitutions of both countries and credible online sources documenting actual language practices. The study employs textual analysis, using linguicism as the conceptual framework and linguistic imperialism as the analytical framework. Findings reveal that English, as a colonial legacy, continues to shape language policies in both nations. Pakistan officially recognizes English and Urdu, with both dominating key domains such as politics, the economy, law, and education. Indigenous languages are largely marginalized, facing decline and potential extinction due to active linguistic assimilation. India, while also granting English and Hindi significant roles, officially recognizes 22 languages and incorporates them into politics, education, and economic activities, thus fostering a more inclusive linguistic environment. The study concludes that Pakistan exhibits high levels of linguistic discrimination, contributing to the erosion of indigenous languages, whereas India demonstrates relatively lower degrees of linguicism by supporting multilingualism. It calls for the development of inclusive policies that protect and promote indigenous languages, ensuring equitable opportunities for all linguistic communities. Furthermore, the research aligns with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 4 (Quality Education) and 10 (Reducing Inequalities), emphasizing the critical role of language policy in expanding access to education and reducing social disparities in postcolonial contexts.

Keywords:

Indigenous Languages; Linguistic Genocide; Linguicism; Language Policy

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How to Cite

Naveed, H., Mehdi, M., & Bhar, S. K. (2025). Linguistic Genocide of Indigenous Languages in Pakistan and India: A Comparative Analysis of Language Policies and Practices. Forum for Linguistic Studies, 7(9), 698–720. https://doi.org/10.30564/fls.v7i9.9783

Issue

Vol. 7 , Iss. 9 (September 2025)

Article Type

Article

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Copyright © 2025 Hamid Naveed, Muntazar Mehdi, Sareen Kaur Bhar

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This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.