Valentino Straser
University Makeni Department of Agriculture, Fatima Campus, Makeni, 00000, Sierra Leone
Daniele Cataldi
Group Radio Emissions Project, Lariano, Rome, 00076, Italy
Gabriele Cataldi
Group Radio Emissions Project, Lariano, Rome, 00076, Italy
This study discusses the possible relationship between potentially destructive seismic events, earthquake swarms, and intense weather events occurring in the same epicentral zone at time intervals ranging from one day to a few weeks. The objective of the present study is, therefore, to analyze the interaction between the lithosphere, atmosphere, and ionosphere in order to propose, prospectively, a new hydro-climatic model to be applied not only in Italy, where this research was carried out. The study concerns some of the most intense Italian earthquakes starting from 1920, with the destructive event in Lunigiana, in North Western Apennines, until the recent earthquake swarm that hit the Emilia-Romagna region followed, as in the cases analyzed in this research, by strong atmospheric disturbances. The recurrence associating seismic events with atmospheric precipitation allows us to propose some hypotheses about the triggering mechanism. In tectonically stressed areas, during pre-seismic and seismic phases, the release of gases from the ground and electrical charges near active faults is known. It is hypothesized that water condensation nuclei are carried by radon gas on atmospheric gases, also originating from cosmic rays in the upper atmosphere, generated by air ionization.
[1] Straser, V., Giuliani, G., Cataldi, D., et al., 2020. Multi-parametric investigation of preseismic origin phenomena through the use of RDF technology (Radio Direction Finding) and the monitoring of radon gas stream (Rn 222). New Concepts Geoplasma Journal. 8(1), 11-27.
[2] Leybourne, B., Straser, V., Gregori, G., et al. (editors), 2019. North American solar electro-magnetic induction detection network. Proceeding of the 13th World Multi-Conference on Society, Cybernetics and Informatics (WMSCI); 2019 Jul 8; Orlando, Florida, USA.
[3] Leybourne, B., 2018. Stellar transformer concepts: Solar induction driver of natural disasters—Forecasting with geophysical intelligence. Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics. 16(4), 26-37.
[4] Svensmark, H., Enghoff, M.B., Shaviv, N.J., et al., 2017. Increased ionization supports growth of aerosols into cloud condensation nuclei. Nature Communications. 8, 2199. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-02082-2
[5] Straser, V., Casati, M., Cataldi, G. (editors), 2016. “Water bombs” and seismic areas: Two sides to the same problem? EGU General Assembly 2016; 2016 Apr 17-22; Vienna, Austria.
[6] Straser, V., 2015. A potential relationship between seismic swarm and violent rainstorm? New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal. 3(4), 467-475.
[7] Ondoh, T., 2004. Anomalous sporadic-E ionization before a great earthquake. Advances in Space Research. 34(8), 1830-1835.
[8] Kuang, C., McMurry, P.H., McCormick, A.V., 2009. Determination of cloud condensation nuclei production from measured new particle formation events. Geophysical Research Letters. 36(9).
[9] Pulinets, S., Ouzounov, D., 2011. Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) model—An unified concept for earthquake precursors validation. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 41(4-5), 371-382.
[10] Pulinets, S., Boyarchuk, K., 2004. Ionosphere precursors of earthquake. Springer: Berlin.
[11] Svensmark, H., Friis-Christensen, E., 1997. Variation of cosmic ray flux and global cloud coverage—a missing link in solar-climate relationships. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 59(11), 1225-1232.
[12] Martinez, J.M., Andrè, P., Courty, M.A. (editors), 2017. Lightning process viewed trough the properties plasma nanocomposites formed by laboratory electric discharge. Proceding 2nd International Symposium on Lightning and Storm Related Phenomena. 2017 May 10-11; Aurillac, France.
[13] Courty, M.A., Martinez, J.M., 2015. Terrestrial carbonaceous debris tracing atmospheric hyper velocity-shock aeroplasma processes. Procedia Engineering. 103, 81-88.
[14] Milne, J., 1890. Earthquakes in connection with electric and magnetic phenomena. Transactions of the Seismological Society of Japan. 15, 135-162.
[15] Wang, J.H., 2021. Piezoelectricity as a mechanism on generation of electromagnetic precursors before earthquakes. Geophysical Journal International. 224(1), 682-700.
[16] Finkelstein, D., Hill, R.D., Powell, J.R., 1973. The piezoelectric theory of earthquake lightning. Journal of Geophysical Research. 78(6), 992-993.
[17] Freund, F., 2002. Charge generation and propagation in igneous rocks. Journal of Geodynamics. 33(4-5), 543-570.
[18] Brace, W.F., Paulding Jr, B.W., Scholz, C.H., 1966. Dilatancy in the fracture of crystalline rocks. Journal of Geophysical Research. 71(16), 3939-3953.
[19] Scholz, C.H., 2002. The mechanics of earthquakes and faulting. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge. pp. 471.
[20] Aviles, C.A., Scholz, C.H., Boatwright, J., 1987. Fractal analysis applied to characteristic segments of the San Andreas fault. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 92(B1), 331-344.
[21] Power, W.L., Tullis, T.E., Brown, S.R., et al., 1987. Roughness of natural fault surfaces. Geophysical Research Letters. 14(1), 29-32.
[22] Chester, F.M., Chester, J.S., 2000. Stress and deformation along wavy frictional faults. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 105(B10), 23421-23430.
[23] Wilson, J.E., Chester, J.S., Chester, F.M., 2003. Microfracture analysis of fault growth and wear processes, Punchbowl Fault, San Andreas system, California. Journal of Structural Geology. 25(11), 1855-1873.
[24] Faulkner, D.R., Mitchell, T.M., Jensen, E., et al., 2011. Scaling of fault damage zones with displacement and the implications for fault growth processes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 116(B5).
[25] Sgrigna, V., Buzzi, A., Conti, L., et al., 2007. Seismo-induced effects in the near-earth space: Combined ground and space investigations as a contribution to earthquake prediction. Tectonophysics. 431(1-4), 153-171.
[26] Surkov, V.V., Molchanov, O.A., Hayakawa, M., 2003. Pre-earthquake ULF electromagnetic perturbations as a result of inductive seismomagnetic phenomena during microfracturing. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 65(1), 31-46.
[27] Lay, T., Wallace, T.C., 1995. Modern global seismology. Academic Press: Cambridge. pp. 521.
[28] Shiratoi, K., 1927. The variation of radon activity of hot spring. Scientific Report of Tohoku Imperial University. 3(16), 614-621.
[29] Riggio, A., Santulin, M., 2015. Earthquake forecasting: A review of radon as seismic precursor. Bollettino Di Geofisica Teorica e Applicata. 56(2),95-114.
[30] Kawada, Y., Nagahama, H., Omori, Y., et al., 2007. Time-scale invariant changes in atmospheric radon concentration and crustal strain prior to a large earthquake. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics. 14(2), 123-130.
[31] Allegri, L., Bella, F., Della Monica, G., et al., 1983. Radon and rilt anomalies detected before the Irpinia (south Italy) earthquake of November 23, 1980 at great distances from the epicenter. Geophysical Research Letters. 10(4), 269-272. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/GL010i004p00269
[32] Pulinets, S.A., Biagi, P.F., Tramutoli, V., et al., 2007. Irpinia earthquake 23 November 1980: lesson from Nature revealed by joint data analysis. Annals of Geophysics. 50(1), 61-78.
[33] Straser, V., 2021. Un nido di terremoti. Milleanni di Storia sismica in Val Taro e Val Ceno (Italian) [A nest of earthquakes. One thousand years of seismic history in the Taro and Ceno Valleys]. Monte Università di Parma: Parma PR. pp. 191.
[34] Garavaglia, M., Dal Moro, G., Zadro, M., 2000. Radon and tilt measurements in a seismic area: temperature effects. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Geodesy. 25(3), 233-237
[35] Heinicke, J., Koch, U., Martinelli, G., 1995. CO2 and radon measurements in the Vogtland Area (Germany)—A contribution to earthquake prediction research. Geophysical Research Letters. 22(7), 771-774.
[36] Omori, Y., Yasuoka, Y., Nagahama, H., et al., 2007. Anomalous radon emanation linked to preseismic electromagnetic phenomena. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 7(5), 629-635.
[37] Cataldi, D., Giuliani, G.G., Straser, V., et al., 2020. Radio signals and changes flow of Radon gas which led to the seismic sequence and the earthquake magnitude Mw 4.4 that has recorded in Central Italy (Balsorano, l’Aquila) on November 7, 2019. New Concepts in Geoplasma Tectonics Journal. 8(1), 32-42.
[38] Wu, H.C., Leybourne, B. (editors), 2020. Using jet stream’s precursors to make earthquake forecast. 11th International Multi-Conference on Complexity, Informatics and Cybernetics; 2020 Mar 10-13; Orlando, Florida, U.S.A.
[39] Wang, J.H., 2021. Piezoelectricity as a mechanism on generation of electromagnetic precursors before earthquakes. Geophysical Journal International. 224(1), 682-700. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa429
[40] Straser, V., Cataldi, D., Cataldi, G., 2023. Radio direction finding method to mitigate tsunami risk in Sierra Leone. Advances in Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Research. 5(2), 64-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30564/agger.v5i2.5617
[41] Nahornyi, V., Straser, V., Cataldi, D., 2022. Prediction of the vibration moment of Mount Etna based on electromagnetic signal monitoring. MM Science Journal. 5943-5948.
[42] Panda, A., Nahornyi, V., Straser, V., et al., 2021. Forecasting an vibration by monitoring the dynamics of changes its precursors of various physical nature. MM Science Journal. 4396-4399. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17973/MMSJ.2021_6_2021019
[43] Zhao, D., Chen, L., Yu, Y., 2021. Associations between strong earthquakes and local rainfall in China. Frontiers in Earth Science. 9, 760497. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.760497
[44] Mansouri Daneshvar, M.R., Khosravi, M., Tavousi, T., 2014. Seismic triggering of atmospheric variables prior to the major earthquakes in the Middle East within a 12-year time-period of 2002-2013. Natural Hazards. 74, 1539-1553. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1266-5
[45] Huang, L.S., McRaney, J., Teng, T.L., et al., 1979. A preliminary study on the relationship between precipitation and large earthquakes in Southern California. Pure and Applied Geophysics. 117, 1286-1300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00876220
[46] Guo, G., Wang, B., 2008. Cloud anomaly before Iran earthquake. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 29(7), 1921-1928. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160701373762
[47] Goswami, H., Devi, M., Rambabu, S., et al., 2014. An analysis of the relation between precipitation and earthquake in the Indian region. Indian Journal of Radio and Space Physics. 43(1), 41-47.
Copyright © 2023 Valentino Straser, Daniele Cataldi, Gabriele Cataldi
This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.
