Zahra Shahsavar
Department of English Language, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Reza Kafipour
Department of English Language, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Sara Kashefian-Naeeini
Department of English Language, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences;
Philosophy of Life and Healthy Lifestyle Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Peyman Jafari
Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
Nooreen Noordin
Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia
Sayyidatul Fadlilah
Department of English Language Education, Universitas Islam Negeri Walisongo Semarang
This research examines students' beliefs about language learning by evaluating the measurement equivalence of the beliefs about Language Learning Inventory (BALLI). The graded response model (GRM) was used to examine differential item functioning (DIF) in the BALLI across four different countries, namely: Iran, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Bangladesh. The sample was drawn from 1613, including 500 males and 1113 females who completed the online version of the BALLI, comprising five subscales of beliefs about foreign language aptitude, the difficulty of language learning, the nature of language learning, learning and communication strategies, and motivations and expectations. Most BALLI items showed non-uniform DIF. This finding implies that students in different countries had different perceptions of the BALLI items. Therefore, researchers should be very cautious about using the BALLI in different countries. This cross-cultural comparison may generate new insights into revising the BALLI items or developing another scale to compare students' beliefs about language learning in different countries.
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Copyright © 2023 Zahra Shahsavar, Reza Kafipour, Sara Kashefian-Naeeini, Peyman Jafari, Nooreen Noordin, Sayyidatul Fadlilah
This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
