-
3849
-
3423
-
1637
-
1385
-
1184
Principal Engagement in the Teacher Evaluation Process in Remote Schools: A Narrative Inquiry of Language Teachers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30564/fls.v7i3.8502Abstract
States and districts mandate teacher evaluation systems in schools. However, research indicates that compliance with the law alone does not assure quality performance in evaluations. In addition, not all schools across different districts—urban and remote—perform at the same level or quality. This research paper offers a subjective view of six Arabic and English language teachers working in remote schools by examining their experiences with school principals in their capacities as evaluators in the teacher evaluation process. It further investigates how evaluation outcomes influence teacher retention, morale, and instructional growth. It also explores the factors that make principals effective evaluators. Narrative inquiry was utilized as the research methodology in which teachers’ stories were used to uncover their values and expectations regarding their principals’ involvement. All data were obtained through interviews and school documents and were analyzed individually and then collectively, using narrative analysis techniques and coding strategies. Additionally, the study highlights the necessity for structured professional development to enhance principals’ evaluation effectiveness. In their counter-stories, teachers unveiled the extent of principals’ engagement throughout the process, portraying them as either entirely absent or unserviceably present. They provided a list of practical actions necessary for principals to serve as instructional leaders and evaluators in the 21st century. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Keywords:
Instructional Leadership; Language Teachers; Narrative Inquiry; Principal Engagement; Remote Schools; Teacher EvaluationReferences
[1] McGuinn, P., 2012. Stimulating reform: Race to the top, competitive grants and the Obama education agenda. Educational Policy. 26(1), 136–159.
[2] Alwaely, S.A., El-Zeiny, M.E., Alqudah, H., et al., 2023. The impact of teacher evaluation on professional development and student achievement. Revista De Gestão Social E Ambiental. 17(7), e03484.
[3] Weisberg, D., Sexton, S., Mulhern, J., et al., 2009. The Widget Effect: Our National Failure to Acknowledge and Act on Differences in Teacher Effectiveness. The New Teacher Project: Brooklyn, New York, United States of America. pp. 1-45.
[4] Steinberg, M., Donaldson, M., 2015. The new educational accountability: Understanding the landscape of teacher evaluation in the post-NCLB era. Education Finance and Policy. 11(3), 340-359.
[5] Abu Dhabi Education Council, 2012. Teachers' and Principals' Evaluation. No Report Number. Accessed on 5 August 2024.
[6] Alkaabi, A.M., 2021. A qualitative multi-case study of supervision in the principal evaluation process in the United Arab Emirates. International Journal of Leadership in Education. 28(1), 53-80.
[7] Al Maktoum, S.B., Al Kaabi, A.M., 2024. Exploring teachers' experiences within the teacher evaluation process: A qualitative multi-case study. Cogent Education. 11(1), 2287931.
[8] Darling-Hammond, L., 2013. Getting Teacher Evaluation Right: What Really Matters for Effectiveness and Improvement. Teachers College Press: New York, United States of America. pp. 1-192.
[9] Çoban, Ö., Özdemir, N., Bellibaş, M.Ş., 2023. Trust in principals, leaders' focus on instruction, teacher collaboration, and teacher self-efficacy: Testing a multilevel mediation model. Educational Management Administration & Leadership. 51(1), 95–115.
[10] Stronge, J.H., Xu, X., 2021. Qualities of Effective Principals. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development: Alexandria, Virginia, United States of America. pp. 1-330.
[11] Donaldson, M.L., Woulfin, S., 2018. From tinkering to going “rogue”: How principals use agency when enacting new teacher evaluation systems. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis. 40(4), 531–556.
[12] Campbell, T.F., 2013. Teacher Supervision and Evaluation: A Case Study of Administrators' and Teachers' Perceptions of Mini Observations [Doctoral Dissertation]. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan. pp. 1-152.
[13] Robinson, V.J., Lloyd, C.A., Rowe, K.J., 2008. The impact of leadership on student outcomes: An analysis of the differential effects of leadership types. Educational Administration Quarterly. 44(5), 635–674.
[14] Wahlstrom, K.L., Louis, K.S., Leithwood, K., et al., 2010. Investigating the Links to Improved Student Learning: Executive Summary of Research Findings. No Report Number. Accessed on 15 October 2024.
[15] Kersten, T., 2006. Teacher tenure: Illinois school board presidents' perspectives and suggestions for improvement. Planning and Changing. 37(3–4), 234–257.
[16] Guenther, A.R., 2021. “It should be helping me improve, not telling me I'm a bad teacher”: The influence of accountability-focused evaluations on teachers' professional identities. Teaching and Teacher Education. 108, 103511.
[17] Wacha, M., 2013. Teacher Perceptions of the Teacher Evaluation Process [Doctoral Dissertation]. Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. pp. 1-43
[18] Hertel, P.E., 2014. Teacher and Administrator Perceptions of the Evaluation Process in Illinois [Doctoral Dissertation]. Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. pp. 1-185
[19] Marshall, K., 2005. It's time to rethink teacher supervision and evaluation. Phi Delta Kappan, 86, 727–735.
[20] Namaghi, S.A., 2010. A data-driven conceptualization of teacher evaluation. The Qualitative Report. 15(6), 1504–1522.
[21] Sartain, L., Stoelinga, S.R., Brown, E.R., 2011. Rethinking Teacher Evaluation in Chicago: Lessons Learned from Classroom Observations, Principal-Teacher Conferences, and District Implementation. No Report Number. Accessed on 19 October 2024.
[22] Al Bustami, G., 2014. Improving the teacher's evaluation methods and tools in Abu Dhabi schools—Case study. Athens Journal of Social Sciences. 1(4), 261–274.
[23] Alkaabi, A.M., Abdallah, A.K., 2024. Portfolio practices in the principal evaluation process: A qualitative case study. Heliyon. 10(21), e39467.
[24] Marzano, R.J., Toth, M.D., 2013. Teacher Evaluation That Makes a Difference: A New Model for Teacher Growth and Student Achievement. Alexandria, Virginia: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. pp. page range.
[25] Danielson, C., 2007. Enhancing Professional Practice: A Framework for Teaching, 2nd ed. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development: Alexandria, VA, USA. pp. 1-208
[26] Douglas, F.W., 2015. Teacher evaluations: Use or misuse? Universal Journal of Educational Research. 3(10), 703–709.
[27] Bell, T.R., 2005. Behaviors and attitudes of effective foreign language teachers: Results of a questionnaire study. Foreign Language Annals. 38(2), 259–270.
[28] Çelik, S., Arikan, A., Caner, M., 2013. In the eyes of Turkish EFL learners: What makes an effective foreign language teacher? Porta Linguarum. 20, 287–297.
[29] Khaksefidi, S., 2015. Foreign language teaching in Iran: A model for effective EFL teaching in the Iranian context. Theory and Practice in Language Studies. 5(5), 1060–1071.
[30] Kawasaki, J., Quartz, K.H., Martinez, J.F., 2020. Using multiple measures of teaching quality to strengthen teacher preparation. Education Policy Analysis Archives. 28, 128.
[31] Goe, L., Biggers, K., Croft, A., 2012. Linking teacher evaluation to professional development: Focusing on improving teaching and learning. National Comprehensive Center for Teacher Quality. No Report Number. Accessed on 19 November 2024.
[32] Kraft, M.A., Gilmour, A.F., 2016. Can principals promote teacher development as evaluators? A case study of principals' views and experiences. Educational Administration Quarterly. 52(5), 711–753.
[33] Zepeda, S.J., 2016. Teacher evaluation in a nutshell. In: Zepeda, S.J. (ed.). The Leader's Guide to Working with Underperforming Teachers. Routledge: New York, United States of America. pp. 14–31.
[34] Guba, E., Lincoln, Y., 1989. Fourth-Generation Evaluation. Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA. pp. 1-294.
[35] Zimmerman, S., Deckert-Pelton, M., 2003. Evaluating the evaluators: Teachers' perceptions of the principal's role in professional evaluation. National Association of Secondary School Principals Bulletin. 87(636), 28–37.
[36] Bravmann, S.L., 2004. Assessment's Fab Four. Education Week. Available from: Assessment's 'Fab Four' (Opinion) (cited 17 March 2004).
[37] Glickman, C., Gordon, S., Ross-Gordon, J., 2013. Supervision and Instructional Leadership: A Developmental Approach. Pearson: Boston, MA, USA. pp. 1-480.
[38] Zepeda, S.J., 2012. Instructional Supervision: Applying Tools and Concepts (3rd ed.). Routledge: NY, USA. pp. 1-400.
[39] Popham, W.J., 2013. On serving two masters: Formative and summative teacher evaluation. Principal Leadership. 13(7), 18–22.
[40] Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., McNaughton Nicholls, C., et al., 2014. Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers. Sage: Los Angeles, CA, USA. pp. 1-456.
[41] Patton, M.Q., 2015. Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods (4th ed.). Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA. pp. 1-832.
[42] Richardson, L., 1990. Writing Strategies: Reaching Diverse Audiences. Sage: Newbury Park, CA, USA. pp. 1-72.
[43] Kramp, M.K., 2004. Exploring life and experience through narrative inquiry. In: deMarrais, K., Lapan, S.D. (eds.). Foundations for Research: Methods of Inquiry in Education and the Social Sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah, NJ,USA. pp. 103–121.
[44] Riessman, C.K., 2008. Narrative Methods for the Human Sciences. Sage Publications: Los Angeles, CA, USA. pp. 1-262.
[45] Merriam, S.B., Associates, 2002. Qualitative Research in Practice. Jossey-Bass: San Francisco, CA, USA. pp. 1-439.
[46] Polkinghorne, D.E., 2007. Validity issues in narrative research. Qualitative Inquiry. 13(4), 471–486.
[47] Johnson-Bailey, J., 2002. Dancing between the swords: My foray into constructing narratives. In: Merriam, S.B., Associates (eds.). Qualitative Research in Practice: Examples for Discussion and Analysis. Jossey-Bass: San Francisco, CA, USA. pp. 323–326.
[48] Creswell, J.W., Plano Clark, V.L., 2011. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA. pp. 1-488.
[49] Bogdan, R.C., Biklen, S.K., 2003. Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theories and Methods (4th ed.). Pearson: Boston, MA, USA. pp. 1-291.
[50] Charmaz, K., 2006. Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis. Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA. pp. 1-208.
[51] Saldaña, J., 2013. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers (2nd ed.). Sage: Los Angeles, CA, USA. pp. 1-328.
[52] Denzin, N.K., 1978. The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods. McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA. pp. 1-382.
[53] Peshkin, A., 1988. In search of subjectivity—one's own. Educational Researcher. 17(7), 17–21.
[54] Powell, C.L., Persico, J.E., 1995. My American Journey. Random House: New York, NY, USA. pp. 1-656.
[55] Jenkins, B., 2009. What it takes to be an instructional leader. Principal. 88(3), 34–37.
[56] Townsend, R., 1984. Further Up the Organization: How Groups of People Working Together for a Common Purpose Ought to Conduct Themselves for Fun and Profit. Knopf: New York, NY, USA. pp. 1-293.
[57] Horng, E., Klasik, D., Loeb, S., 2010. Principal's time use and school effectiveness. American Journal of Education. 116, 491–523.
[58] Bukko, D., Liu, K., Johnson, A.H., 2021. Principal practices that build and sustain trust: Recommendations from teachers in a high-trust school. Planning & Changing. 50.
[59] Karim, A., Kartiko, A., Daulay, D., et al., 2021. The effect of the supervision of the principal and the professional competency of teachers on teacher performance in private MI in Pacet district. Nidhomul Haq: Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam. 6(3), 497–512.
[60] Hassani, A., Saeedi, Z., 2023. Exploring criteria for evaluating in-service English language teachers' performance. Profile: Issues in Teachers' Professional Development. 25(2), 165–181.
[61] Wei, W., Hui, S.K.F., 2019. Evaluating teacher performance in language learning classes: The gap between students and department administrators. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice. 25(4), 486–500.
[62] Alkaabi, A.M., Almaamari, S.A., 2020. Supervisory feedback in the principal evaluation process. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education. 9(3), 503–509.
[63] Zepeda, S.J., 2017. Instructional Supervision: Applying Tools and Concepts (4th ed.). Routledge: New York, New York, United States of America. pp. 1-384
[64] Grissom, J.A., Egalite, A.J., Lindsay, C.A., 2021. What great principals really do. Educational Leadership. 78(7), 21–25.
[65] Aljanahi, M.H., Aljanahi, M.H., Alzarouni, A., 2023. Leadership and turnover intention in united arab emirates public schools: To stay or not? In: Abdallah, A., Alkaabi, A. (eds.). Restructuring Leadership for School Improvement and Reform. IGI Global Scientific Publishing: Hershey, PA, USA. pp. 159-180.
[66] Khalil, R., Tairab, H., Qablan, A., et al., 2023. STEM-based curriculum and creative thinking in high school students. Education Sciences. 13(12), 1195.
[67] Qablan, A., Al-Qaderi, S., 2009. How to change university faculty members' attitudes and behavior in the context of education for sustainable development. Applied Environmental Education and Communication. 8, 184–194.
[68] Ismail, O.S., 2024. Empowering the modern learning ecosystem: Integrative approaches for a holistic educational experience. In: Al Husseiny, F., Munna, A. (eds.). Revitalizing the Learning Ecosystem for Modern Students. IGI Global Scientific Publishing: Hershey, PA, USA. pp. 145–167.
[69] Ismail, O.A., 2024. Digital transformation in education: Navigating the challenges and opportunities of remote learning. In: Gray, S., Purpuri, L. (eds.). Building Resilient Education Models Post Crisis. IGI Global Scientific Publishing: Hershey, PA, USA. pp. 133–149.
[70] Alqodsi, E.M., Gura, D., 2023. High tech and legal challenges: Artificial intelligence-caused damage regulation. Cogent Social Sciences. 9(2), 2270751.
[71] Alqodsi, E.M., Jadalhaq, I. M., El Hadi El Maknouzi, M., 2023. Technology-enhanced legal education: A study of its impact on student learning outcomes in the United Arab Emirates. In: Chakravarti, S. (ed.). Innovations in Teacher Development, Personalized Learning, and Upskilling the Workforce. IGI Global Scientific Publishing: Hershey, PA, USA. pp. 64–87.
[72] Aldous, S.M., Ismail, G., 2024. Academics in exile: Navigating new educational landscapes amidst displacement and uncertainty. In: Sengupta, E., Arnthorsson, A. (eds.). Resilience of Educators in Extraordinary Circumstances: War, Disaster, and Emergencies. IGI Global Scientific Publishing: Hershey, PA, USA.. pp. 9–28.
[73] Aldous, S.M., Smail, G.A., 2024. Digital echoes: Navigating social media's labyrinth of prejudices and cultural stereotypes. In: Barreto, I., Roman Etxebarrieta, G. (eds.). Transformative Intercultural Global Education. IGI Global Scientific Publishing: Hershey, PA, USA. pp. 77–98.
[74] Aljanahi, M.H., Alsheikh, N., 2019. ‘Just write anything': Exploring the school literacy practices of high school students in the United Arab Emirates. Pedagogy, Culture & Society. 28(4), 563–579.
Downloads
How to Cite
Issue
Article Type
License
Copyright © 2025 Ahmed Mohammed Alkaabi, Asma Khaleel Abdallah, Rasha Abdallah, Maram Al Hasan, Ameirah Mohamed

This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.