Diversity of Flower Opening Time and Duration in Rice (Oryza sativa ssp. indica) Landraces of South and Southeast Asia in Different Cultivation Seasons

Authors

  • Debal Deb

    Basudha, Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kolkata, 700068, India
  • Niranjan V Joshi

    Basudha, Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kolkata, 700068, India
    Energy and Wetlands Research Group, CES TE 15, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
  • Debdulal Bhattacharya

    Basudha, Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kolkata, 700068, India
  • Mahendra Nauri

    Basudha, Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kolkata, 700068, India
  • Rakesh Ganguly

    Basudha, Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kolkata, 700068, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.30564/jbr.v5i3.5724
Received: 11 March 2023 | Revised: 13 June 2023 | Accepted: 15 June 2023 | Published Online: 25 June 2023

Abstract

Different cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa) open at different times of the day, and the overlap of anthesis time in rice between the neighbouring cultivars is of crucial importance to the degree of cross pollination in rice. Nevertheless, none of the past experiments with cross pollination between different rice cultivars ever reported the respective flower opening time (FOT) and flower exposure duration (FED) of the parent cultivars, until recently. The authors present here the first record of FOT and FED of 1114 indica rice landraces of South and Southeast Asia, growing during summer and winter seasons in three consecutive years. The authors also present an analysis of the influences of the growing season on the anthesis behaviour, and present the first records of the FOT and FED variability on sunny and cloudy days of a large number of landraces. The data show that rice florets tend to open earlier in the morning (that is, take a shorter time to anthesis after sunrise) on sunny days than on cloudy days, and also significantly later during long day seasons (spring and summer) than during short day season (winter); and that FED is inversely related to both FOT and the length of duration from sunrise to first flower opening. The wide ranges of FOT (8:50 a.m. to 12:40 p.m.) and FED (15 to 194 minutes) also suggest the ample time window for receiving pollen from neighbouring cultivars with different FOT, enhancing the chances of cross pollination between hundreds of rice landraces with FOT and FED overlaps.

Keywords:

Anthesis; Flower opening time; Indica landraces; Pollination; Rice; Season

References

[1] Deb, D., Bhattacharya, D., 2021. Unusually high frequency of cross-pollination between rice landraces Shiuli and Kharah with coincident flower-opening times. Current Science. 121(1), 121-126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v121/i1/121-126

[2] Beachell, H.M., Jodon, C.R., Adair, N.E., et al., 1938. Extent of natural crossing in rice. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy. 30, 743-653.

[3] Somaratne, L.H.M.Y.K., Abayawickrama, A.S.M.T., Wickramasinghe, I.P., et al., 2012. Estimating out-crossing rate of Bg 379-2 using morphological markers and confirmation by molecular markers. Rice Science. 19(2), 166-168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1672-6308(12)60036-5

[4] van der Stok, J.E., 1910. Onderzorkingen omtrent rijst en tweede gewassen (Dutch) [Experiments with rice and secondary crops]. G. Kolff. Co.: Batavia.

[5] Pope, M.N., 1916. The mode of pollination in some farm crops. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy. 8(4), 209-227.

[6] Hirabayashi, H., Sasaki, K., Kambe, T., et al., 2015. qEMF3, a novel QTL for the early-morning flowering trait from wild rice, Oryza officinalis, to mitigate heat stress damage at flowering in rice, O. sativa. Journal of Experimental Botany. 66(5), 1227-1236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru474

[7] Sharngapani, S.G., 1928. A few observations of paddy (Oryza sativa) crossing. Agriculture Journal of India. 19, 48-50.

[8] Bheemanahalli, R., Sahishraj, R.T., Manoharan, M., et al., 2017. Is early morning flowering an effective trait to minimize heat stress damage during flowering in rice? Field Crops Research. 203, 238-242. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2016.11.011

[9] Kobayasi, K, Masui, H., Atsuta, Y., et al. (editors), 2009. Flower opening time in rice—cultivar difference and effect of weather factors. Proceedings of the MARCO Symposium; 2009 Oct 5-7; Tsukuba, Japan. Available from: https://www.naro.affrc.go.jp/archive/niaes/marco/marco2009/english/program/W2-12_Kobayasi_Kazuhiro_P.pdf

[10] Vergara, B.S., Chang, T.T., 1985. The flowering response of the rice plant to photoperiod, 4th ed. International Rice Research Institute: Los Baños, Philippines. pp. 16.

[11] Jones, J.W., 1924. Observations on the time of blooming of rice flowers. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy. 16 (10), 665-670.

[12] Thompstone, E., 1915. Some observations on Upper Burma paddy (grown under irrigation). The Agricultural Journal of India. 10, 26-53.

[13] Torres, J.P., 1923. Some notes on rice hybridization work. Philippine Agricultural Review. 16, 46-48.

[14] Chang, T.T., Bardenas, E.A., 1965. The Morphology and Varietal Characteristics of the Rice Plant [Internet]. International Rice Research Institute: Los Baños, Philippines. Available from: http://books.irri.org/9711040085_content.pdf

[15] Bioversity International, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), The Africa Rice Center (WARDA), 2007. Descriptors for wild and cultivated rice (Oryza spp.). Bioversity International: Rome. pp. 63.

[16] Moldenhauer, K.A.K., Gibbons, J.H., 2003. Rice morphology and development. Rice: Origin, history, technology and production. Wiley: Hoboken, NJ. pp. 103-127.

[17] OGTR, 2005. The Biology and Ecology of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Australia [Internet]. Office of the Gene Technology Regulator: Woden, Australia. Available from: https://www.ogtr.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/2021-07/the_biology_of_rice.pdf

[18] Deb, D., 2022. Rice Flower Opening Time and Flower Opening Duration Data [Internet]. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/KYW1UC

[19] Mbah, A.K., Paothong, A., 2014. Shapiro-Francia test compared to other normality test using expected p-value. Journal of Statistical Computation & Simulation. 85(15), 3002-3016. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00949655.2014.947986

[20] Georgiev, G.Z., 2023. Normality Calculator [Internet]. Available from: https://www.gigacalculator.com/calculators/normality-test-calculator.php

Downloads

How to Cite

Deb, D., Joshi, N. V., Bhattacharya, D., Nauri, M., & Ganguly, R. (2023). Diversity of Flower Opening Time and Duration in Rice (Oryza sativa ssp. indica) Landraces of South and Southeast Asia in Different Cultivation Seasons. Journal of Botanical Research, 5(3), 36–48. https://doi.org/10.30564/jbr.v5i3.5724

Issue

Vol. 5 , Iss. 3 (July 2023)

Article Type

Article

License

Copyright © 2023 Author(s)

Creative Commons License

This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC