-
1856
-
1769
-
1621
-
1550
-
1491
Pearls of Wisdom: Israeli Elderly Reflect on Their Lives, and Make Suggestions for Future Generations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30564/jpr.v3i1.2693Abstract
Reminiscing by older adults can facilitate beneficial outcomes through the preparation for the end of life, the cohesiveness of life narratives, and creation of life meanings. Given this, and the historical challenges of communication between generations, the objective of this study was two-fold: (1) to harness the beneficial role reminiscence can play in the mental health of older adults; (2) to facilitate generational learning by documenting and thematically analyzing the experiences and knowledge of older adults. We hypothesized that our interviews, which had the stated goal of helping younger people navigate life challenges, would not only act as catalyst for the participants to reminisce but also create a corpus of knowledge which could be later distilled into accessible “pearls of wisdom”. The interviews were conducted in Israel with 102 participants who were between 60 and 93 years of age with six questions constructed to promote further commentary. Through the interviews we were successful in producing a large representation of the older adults’ experiences and what they believed would be beneficial for the younger generation. Due to the potential benefits for participants and larger communities we recommend this approach be adopted for future studies.Keywords:
Reminisce; Elderly; Older adults; Qualitative; Narrative; Knowledge; Generational; Meaning in life; Ageing; End of lifeReferences
[1] Erikson, E. H. The life cycle completed: A review. New York: Norton, 1982.
[2] Butler, R. N. The life review: An interpretation of reminiscence in the aged. Psychiatry, 1963, 26: 65- 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1963.11023339
[3] Wong, P., Watt, L. What types of reminiscence are associated with successful aging? Psychology and Aging, 1991, 6: 272-279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0882-7974.6.2.272
[4] Webster, J. D. Reminiscence functions in adulthood: Age, race, and family dynamics correlates. In J. D. Webster, B. K. Haight (Eds.), Critical advances in reminiscence work: From theory to application. New York: Springer, 2002:140-152.
[5] Whitbourne, S. K. The psychological construction of the life-span. In J. E. Birren, K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1985: 594-618.
[6] Brinker, J. K. Rumination and reminiscence in older adults: implications for clinical practice. European Journal of Ageing, 2013, 10: 223-227. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10433-013-0271-y
[7] Cappeliez, P., O’Rourke, N. Empirical validation of a model of reminiscence and health in later life. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 2006, 61(4): 237- 244. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/61.4.P237
[8] Giddens, A. Modernity and self-identity. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1991.
[9] Bohlmeijer E., Roemer, E., Cuijpers, P., Smit, F. The effects of reminiscence on psychological well-being in older adults: a meta-analysis. Aging Mental Health, 2007, 11: 291-300. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607860600963547
[10] Chin, A. M. H. Clinical effects of reminiscence therapy in older adults: a meta-analysis of controlled trials. Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Therapy, 2007, 17(1): 10-22. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1569-1861(07)70003-7
[11] Chiang, K. J., Lu, R. B., Chu, H., Chang, Y. C., Chou, K. R. Evaluation of the effect of a life review group program on self-esteem and life satisfaction in the elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2008, 23(1): 7-10. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gps.1824
[12] Stinson, C. K. Structured group reminiscence: An intervention for older adults. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 2009, 40(11): 521-528. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00220124-20091023-10
[13] Lin, Y. C., Dai, Y. T., Hwang, S. L. The effect of reminiscence on the elderly population: A systematic review. Public Health Nursing, 2003, 20(4):297-306. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1446.2003.20407.x
[14] Brooker, D., Duce, L. Wellbeing and activity in dementia: A comparison of group reminiscence therapy, structured goal-directed group activity and unstructured time. Aging & Mental Health, 2000, 4(4): 354- 358. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713649967
[15] Chao, S. Y., Liu, H. Y., Wu, C. Y., Jin, S. F., Chu, T. L., Huang, T. S., & Clark, M. J. The effects of group reminiscence therapy on depression, self esteem, and life satisfaction of elderly nursing home residents. Journal of Nursing Research, 2006, 14(1): 36-45. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.JNR.0000387560.03823.c7
[16] Willemse, B. M., Depla, M. F. I. A., Bohlmeijer, E. T. A creative reminiscence program for older adults with severe mental disorders: Results of a pilot evaluation. Aging & Mental Health, 2009, 13(5): 736- 743. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607860902860946
[17] Webster, J. D., McCall, M. E. Reminiscence Functions Across Adulthood: A Replication and Extension. Journal of Adult Development, 1999, 6: 73-85. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021628525902
[18] Abrams, D., Crisp, R. J., Marques, S., Fagg, E., Bedford, L., Provias, D. Threat inoculation: Experienced and imagined intergenerational contact prevents stereotype threat effects on older people’s math performance. Psychology and Aging, 2008, 23(4): 934-939. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014293
[19] Abrams, D., Eller, A., Bryant, J. An age apart: The effects of intergenerational contact and stereotype threat on performance and intergroup bias. Psychology and Aging, 2006, 21(4): 691-702. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.21.4.691
[20] Chung, J. C. C. An intergenerational reminiscence programme for older adults with early dementia and youth volunteers: Values and challenges. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 2009, 23(2): 259- 264. DOI:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2008.00615.x
[21] Getzel, G. S. Intergenerational reminiscence in groups of the frail elderly. Journal of Jewish Communal Service, 1983, 59(4): 318-325.
[22] Gaggioli, A., Morganti, L., Bonfiglio, S., Scaratti, C., Cipresso, P., Serino, S., Riva, G. Intergenerational group reminiscence: A potentially effective intervention to enhance elderly psychosocial wellbeing and to improve children’s perception of aging. Educational Gerontology, 2014, 40: 486-498. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601277.2013.844042
[23] Csikszentmihalyi, M., Beattie, O. Life themes: A theoretical and empirical exploration of their origins and effects. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 1979, 19(1): 45-63.
[24] Delle Fave, A., Massimini, F. The investigation of optimal experience and apathy. European Psychologist, 2005, 10(4): 264-274. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.10.4.264
[25] Epstude, K., Roese, N. J. The functional theory of counterfactual thinking. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2008, 12: 168-192. DOI:10.1177/1088868308316091
[26] Timmer, E., Westerhof, G. J., Dittmann–Kohli, F. When looking back on my past life I regret… Retrospective regret in the second half of life. Death Studies, 2005, 29: 625-644. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07481180591004660
[27] Wrosch, C., Heckhausen, J. Perceived control of life regrets: Good for young and bad for old adults. Psychology and Aging, 2002, 17: 340-350. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.17.2.340
[28] Tomer, A., Eliason, G. Attitudes about life and death: toward a comprehensive model of death anxiety. In A. Tomer (Ed.), Death attitudes and the older adult. Philadelphia: Brunner-Routledge, 2000: 3-22.
[29] Huyck, M. H. The relevance of psychodynamic theories for understanding gender among older women. In B. F. Turner, & L. E. Troll (Eds.), Women growing older: Psychological perspectives, 1994:202-238. London: Sage.
[30] Landman, J., Manis, J. D. What might have been:Counterfactual thought concerning personal decisions. British Journal of Psychology, 1992, 83: 473-477. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1992.tb02453.x
[31] Landman, J., Vandewater, E. A., Stewart, A. J., Malley, J. E. Missed opportunities: Psychological ramifications of counterfactual thought in midlife women. Journal of Adult Development, 1995, 2: 87-97. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02251257
[32] Kruger, J., Wirtz, D., Miller, D. T. Counterfactual thinking and the first instinct fallacy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2005, 88: 725-735. DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.88.5.725
[33] Beike, D. R., Adams, L. P., Wirth-Beaumont, E. T. Incomplete inhibition of emotion in specific autobiographical memories. Memory, 2007, 15: 375-289. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658210701276850
[34] Savitsky, K., Medvec, V. H., Gilovich, T. Remembering and regretting: The Zeigarnik effect and the cognitive availability of regrettable actions and inactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1997, 23: 248-257. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167297233004
[35] Beike, D. R., Wirth-Beaumont, E. T. Psychological closure as a memory phenomenon. Memory, 2005, 13: 574-593. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658210444000241
[36] Ritchie, T. D., Skowronski, J. J., Wood, S. E., Walker, W. R., Vogl, R. J., Gibbons, J. A. Event self-importance, event rehearsal, and the fading affect bias in autobiographical memory. Self and Identity, 2006, 5, 172-195. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15298860600591222
[37] Scott, K., DeBrew, J. K. Helping older adults find meaning and purpose through storytelling. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 2009, 35(12): 38-43. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00989134-20091103-03
[38] Heinz, M. Cone, N, da Rosa, G., Bisho, A. Finchum, T. Examining supportive evidence for psychosocial theories of aging within the oral history narratives of centenarians. Societies, 2017, 7-8: 1-21. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc7020008
[39] Braun, V., Clarke, V. Using thematic analysis in psychology, Qualitative Research in Psychology, 2006, 3(2): 77-101. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
[40] Hofer, Jan et al. Reminiscing to Teach Others and Prepare for Death Is Associated with Meaning in Life through Generative Behavior in Elderlies from Four Cultures. Aging & Mental Health, 2020, 24(5): 811- 819. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2018.1548568
[41] Rokach, A. The psychological journey to and from loneliness: Development, causes, and effects of social and emotional isolation. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press. 43.Meléndez, Juan C et al. “The Effects of Instrumental Reminiscence on Resilience and Coping in Elderly.” Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 2019, 60(2): 294-298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2014.12.001
[42] Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A. Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year crosslagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study. Psychology and Aging, 2010, 25(2): 453-463. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017216
[43] Viguer, P., Satorres, E., Fortuna, F.B. Meléndez, J.C. A Follow-up study of a reminiscence intervention and Its effects on depressed mood, life satisfaction, and well-being in the elderly. The Journal of Psychology, 2017, 151(8): 789-803. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2017.1393379
Downloads
How to Cite
Issue
Article Type
License
Copyright © 2021 Ami Rokach
This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.