Mostafa Elsawwaf
Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, 31511, Egypt
Wasiem Azzam
Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, 31511, Egypt
Nahla Elghrouby
Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, 31511, Egypt
Soft clay soils cannot usually support large lateral loads, so clay soils must be improved to increase lateral resistance. The jet grouting method is one of the methods used to improve weak soils. In this paper, a series of 3D finite element studies were conducted using Plaxis 3D software to investigate the lateral behavior of piled rafts in improved soft clay utilizing the jet grouting method. Parametric models were analyzed to explore the influence of the width, depth, and location of the grouted clay on the lateral resistance. Additionally, the effect of vertical loads on the lateral behavior of piled rafts in grouted clay was also investigated. The numerical results indicate that the lateral resistance increases by increasing the dimensions of the jet grouting beneath and around the piled raft. Typical increases in lateral resistance are 11.2%, 65%, 177%, and 35% for applying jet grouting beside the raft, below the raft, below and around the raft, and grouted strips parallel to lateral loads, respectively. It was also found that increasing the depth of grouted clay enhances lateral resistance up to a certain depth, about 6 to 10 times the pile diameter (6 to 10D). In contrast, the improvement ratio is limited beyond 10D. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that the presence of vertical loads has a significant impact on sideward resistance.
[1] Rahman, M.M., Karim, M.R., Baki, A.L., et al., 2008. Ultimate lateral load resistance of laterally loaded pile. Deep Foundations on Bored and Auger Piles—BAP V. CRC Press: USA. pp. 167-172.
[2] Sayeed, A., Pk, S., Rahaman, A. (editors), 2012. Model study to improve lateral load resistance of piles in sand using geotextile. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Civil Engineering for Sustainable Development; 2021Mar 2-3; Khulna, Bangladesh; p. 6.
[3] Sureshkumar, R., Bharathkumar, R., Mohanku mar, L., et al., 2017. Static behaviour of 3×3 pile group in sand under lateral loading. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 263(3), 032035.
[4] Paulus, P., RahardjoBigman, M., Hutapea. (editors), 2017. Effects of pile lateral movement, pile spacing and pile numbers on laterally loaded group piles. International Conference on Advancement of Pile Technology and Pile Case Histories; 2017 Sep 25-27; Bali, Indonesia.
[5] Peng, J.R., Rouainia, M., Clarke, B.G., 2010. Finite element analysis of laterally loaded fin piles. Computers & Structures. 88, 1239-1247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2010.07.002
[6] Sakr, M., Azzam, W., Wahba, M., 2018. Performance of laterally loaded model finned piles in clay soil. Journal of Engineering Research. 2, 28-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/erjeng.2018.126015
[7] Abdrabbo, F.M., El Wakil, A.Z., 2016. Laterally loaded helical piles in sand. Alexandria Engineering Journal. 55, 3239-3245. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.08.020
[8] Abdrabbo, F.M., Gaaver, K.E., Elwakil, A.Z., et al., 2019. Improving lateral capacity of single vertical piles embedded in choesionless soil. International Conference on Advances in Structural and Geotechnical Engineering ICASGE 19; 2019 Mar 25-28; Hurghada, Egypt.
[9] Rollins, K., Brown, D., 2011. Design Guide lines for Increasing the Lateral Resistance of Highway-bridge Pile Foundations by Improving Weak Soils [Internet]. Transportation Research Board. Available from: https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14574/design-guidelines-for-increasing-the-lateral-resistance-of-highway-bridge-pile-foundations-by-improving-weak-soils
[10] Brown, B.D.A., Morrison, C., Reese, L.C., 1988. Lateral load behaviour of pile group in sand. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. 114, 1261-1276.
[11] Taghavi, A., Muraleetharan, K.K., Miller, G.A., et al., 2016. Centrifuge modeling of laterally loaded pile groups in improved soft clay. Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering. 142, 04015099. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001443
[12] Eltaweila, S., Shahien, M.M., Nasr, A.M., et al., 2021. Effect of soil improvement techniques on increasing the lateral resistance of single piles in soft clay (numerical investigation). Geotechnical and Geological Engineering. 39, 4059-4070. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01534-9
[13] Rollins, K.M., Adsero, M.E., Herbst, M.A. (editors), 2010. Ground improvement for increasing lateral pile group resistance. International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics; 2010 May 26; Missouri University of Science and Technology. Geotechnical Engineering Commons.
[14] Raj, D., Gandhi, S.R., 2004. Improvement of lateral capacity of pile due to compaction of surrounding soil. International Geological Congress: Beijing, China. pp. 382-385.
[15] Bahloul, M.M.M., 2011. Improvement of the be haviour of laterally loaded piles and pile groups in sand. Mathematical Modelling in Civil Engineering. 95-109.
[16] Chiou, J.S., You, T.R., Tsai, C.C., et al., 2017. Performance of laterally loaded piles in improved coal ash deposit. Soils and Foundations. 57, 872-881. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2017.08.019
[17] Kirupakaran, K., Cerato, A.B., Liu, C., et al., 2010. Simulation of a centrifuge model test of pile foundations in CDSM improved soft clays. Geoflorida 2010 Advances in Analysis, Modeling & Design. 41095, 1583-1591. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/41095(365)160
[18] Faro, V.P., Consoli, N.C., Schnaid, F., et al., 2015. Field tests on laterally loaded rigid piles in cement treated soils. Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenvironmental Engineering. 141, 06015003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001296
[19] Tariq, K.A., Maki, T., 2019. Use of cement-treated sand to enhance the lateral capacity of pile foundations. International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics. 19, 221-233. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1680/jphmg.17.00020
[20] He, B., Wang, L.Z., Hong, Y., 2016. Capacity and failure mechanism of laterally loaded jet-grouting reinforced piles: Field and numerical investigation. Science China Technological Sciences. 59, 763-776. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-016-6014-5
[21] Adsero, M.E., 2008. Impact of jet grouting on the lateral strength of soil surrounding driven pile foundations [Master’s thesis]. Provo: Brigham Young University.
[22] Duan, N., Cheng, Y.P., 2014. A 2D DEM mono-pile model under combined loading condition. Geomechanics from Micro to Macro-tc105 Issmge International Symposium on Geomechanics from Micro to Macro. 1(2), 577-582.
[23] Karthigeyan, S., Ramakrishna, V.V.G.S.T., Rajagopal, K., 2005. Interaction between vertical and lateral loads on the response of piles in soft clays. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering: Geotechnology in Harmony with the Global Environment. 4, 1997-2000.
[24] Lu, W., Zhang, G., 2018. Influence mechanism of vertical-horizontal combined loads on the response of a single pile in sand. Soils & Foundations. 58, 1228-1239.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2018.07.002
[25] Chatterjee, K., Choudhury, D. (editors), 2015. Analytical and numerical approaches to compute the influence of vertical load on lateral response of single pile. The 15th Asian Regional Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineer ARC 2015 New Innovation Sustain ment; 2015 Nov 15; Fukuoka. Fukuoka International Congress Center: Japan. p. 1319-1322. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.IND-11
[26] Zhao, C.F., Liu, F.M., Qiu, Z.X., et al., 2015. Study on bearing behavior of a single pile under combined vertical and lateral loads in sand. Yantu Gongcheng Xuebao/Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. 37(1). http://www.cgejournal.com/en/article/doi/10.11779/CJGE201501023?viewType=HTML
[27] Liang, F., Chen, H., Chen, S., 2012. Influences of axial load on the lateral response of single pile with integral equation method. International Journal for Numerical & Analytical Methods in Geomechanics. 36, 1831-1845. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.1090
[28] Karthigeyan, S., Ramakrishna, V.V.G.S.T., Raja gopal, K., 2006. Influence of vertical load on the lateral response of piles in sand. Computers & Geotechnics. 33, 121-131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2005.12.002
[29] Karthigeyan, S., Ramakrishna, V.V.G.S.T., Raja gopal, K., 2007. Numerical investigation of the effect of vertical load on the lateral response of piles. Journal of Geotechnical & Geoenviron mental Engineering. 133, 512-521.
[30] Hussien, M.N., Tobita, T., Iai, S., et al., 2014. On the influence of vertical loads on the lateral response of pile foundation. Computers & Geotechnics. 55, 392-403. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2013.09.022
[31] Deb, P., Pal, S.K., 2019. Numerical analysis of piled raft foundation under combined vertical and lateral loading. Ocean Engineering. 190, 106431. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2019.106431
[32] Deb, P., Pal, S.K., 2021. Influence of combined vertical and lateral loading on lateral response of piled raft foundation. Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference 2019. Springer: Berlin, Germany. pp. 395-406. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6346-5_35
[33] Youssef, A.A., Abdel-galil, A.M., Emam, E.A., 2017. Behavior of Soft Clay Soil Reinforced by Floating Granular Piles with Different Materials. Journal of Engineering Research. 4, 25-40.
[34] Galil, A.M.A., Youssef, T.A., Elsalhy, M.I., 2019. Performance of rigid raft foundation resting on soft clay improved by granular piles. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 10, 992-999.
[35] Miki, G., 1985. Soil improvement by jet grouting. Third International Geotechnical Seminar, Soil Improvement Methods, Singapore, 45-52.
[36] Fang, Y.S., Liao, J.J., Lin, T.K., 1994. Mechanical properties of jet grouted soilcrete. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology. 27(3), 257-265.
[37] Melegari, C., Garassino, A., 1997. Seminar on jet grouting. THL Foundation Equipment Pte Ltd. Singapore.
[38] Stoel, A.E.C. van der Ree, H.J. (editors), 2000. Strength & stiffness parameters of jet grouting columns: Full scale test amsterdam. Proceedings of the International Conference GeoEng2000; 2000 Nov 14-19; Lancaster, USA. Technomic Publishing Company: USA. p.1-6.
[39] Ökmen, Ö., 2003. A study on strength and deformation behavior of soilcrete in jet grout applications. [Master’s thesis]. Middle East Technical University: Turkey.
[40] Burke, G.K. (editor), 2004. Jet grouting systems: Advantages and disadvantages. GeoSupport 2004: Innovation and Cooperation in the Geo-Industry; 2004 Jan 29-31; Orlando Florida, US. p. 875-886.
[41] JSG Association, 1986. JSG Method: Technical Information. Tokyo, Japan, 89.
[42] Sönmez, E., 2010. An investigation on the contribution of jet grout strutting to the stability of deep retaining systems by finite element method [Master’s thesis]. Turkey: Dokuz Eylül University.
[43] Nishimatsu, Y., 1972. The mechanics of rock cutting. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts. 9, 261-270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-042067-7.50014-3
[44] Bruce, D.A., Bruce, M.E.C. (editors), 2003. The practitioner’s guide to deep mixing. Third International Conference on Grouting and Ground Treatment; 2003 Feb 10-12; New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. p. 474-488.
[45] ECP-203, 2007. Egyptian Code of Practice for design and construction of Concrete Structures. Research Center for Housing and Construction, Ministry of Housing, Utilities, cairo.
[46] Bowles, J.E., 1997. Foundation analysis and design international fifth edition. McGraw Hill: New York.
[47] Carter, M., Bentley, S.P., 1991. Correlations of soil properties carter. Pentech: London.
[48] Mansur, C.I., Kaufman, R.I., 1956. Pile tests, low-sill structure, Old River, Louisiana.Trans actions of the American Society of Civil Engineers. 82, 1-33.
[49] Trautmann, C.H., Kulhawy, F.H., 1988. Uplift load-displacement behavior of spread foundations. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. 114,168-184.
[50] Hung, L.C., Kim, S.R., 2014. Evaluation of undrained bearing capacities of bucket foundations under combined loads. Marine Georesources & Geotechnology. 32, 76-92. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2012.735346
Copyright © 2023 Mostafa Elsawwaf, Wasiem Azzam, Nahla Elghrouby
This is an open access article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) License.
